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<p>This study examines the efficacy of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) in conjunction with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for extracting polyphenols from <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> leaves. Optimization via central composite design (CCD) identified a NADES formulation (1:1.413 molar ratio of choline chloride to glucose with 79.125% water) that maximized total phenolic content (TPC) to 163.50&#xa0;mg GAE/mL. This environmentally sustainable extraction technique considerably surpassed traditional ethanol-based extraction. The characterization using LC-HRMS, TEM, FTIR, and DSC validated a diverse phenolic profile, spherical particle shape, stable hydrogen-bonding interactions, and thermal stability of the optimized extract. The antioxidant evaluation revealed significant efficacy, achieving up to 89.27% DPPH inhibition at a 20% concentration. The anti-inflammatory properties evaluated in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells demonstrated a decrease in nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and proinflammatory cytokine production, highlighting the extract’s therapeutic potential. This work emphasizes the combined advantages of sustainable green extraction techniques and the potential biological activity of <i>V. amygdalina</i>, facilitating its use in natural therapies and nutraceuticals.</p>

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Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents-Mediated Extraction of Polyphenols from Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Under Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction: Enhanced Extractability and Anti-inflammatory Effect

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月15日

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  • Ririn Astyka,
  • Aminah Dalimunthe,
  • Emil Salim,
  • Poppy Anjelisa Zaitun Hasibuan,
  • Yuandani Yuandani

摘要

This study examines the efficacy of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) in conjunction with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for extracting polyphenols from Vernonia amygdalina leaves. Optimization via central composite design (CCD) identified a NADES formulation (1:1.413 molar ratio of choline chloride to glucose with 79.125% water) that maximized total phenolic content (TPC) to 163.50 mg GAE/mL. This environmentally sustainable extraction technique considerably surpassed traditional ethanol-based extraction. The characterization using LC-HRMS, TEM, FTIR, and DSC validated a diverse phenolic profile, spherical particle shape, stable hydrogen-bonding interactions, and thermal stability of the optimized extract. The antioxidant evaluation revealed significant efficacy, achieving up to 89.27% DPPH inhibition at a 20% concentration. The anti-inflammatory properties evaluated in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells demonstrated a decrease in nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and proinflammatory cytokine production, highlighting the extract’s therapeutic potential. This work emphasizes the combined advantages of sustainable green extraction techniques and the potential biological activity of V. amygdalina, facilitating its use in natural therapies and nutraceuticals.