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<p>Investigation of innovative and environmentally sustainable approaches to generate high value-added materials from oil palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i>) by-products is essential for ensuring industry sustainability. Palm oil extraction produces an aqueous phase which can be valorised through a green extraction process patented by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB). This produces Water-Soluble Palm Fruit Extract (WSPFE) which contains phenolic acids. The extract has been demonstrated to have various beneficial bioactive properties and could potentially be used in functional food and health supplement industries. To produce a standardised natural extract, validation of the method is required to quantify five major phenolic acid compounds present in WSPFE, namely protocatechuic acid, <i>p</i>-hydroxybenzoic acid and three caffeoylshikimic acid isomers. This study established and validated a rapid and enhanced gradient ultra-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/photodiode array (UPLC-UV/PDA) method. This validation process included the evaluation of several parameters, demonstrating that the developed gradient UPLC-UV/PDA technique had excellent specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness, with all values obtained being within acceptable limits. This method was then applied to quantify the major phenolics in WSPFE samples obtained from a Malaysian pilot plant and a Mexican commercial facility. The results demonstrated that the total content of major phenolics measured using the validated UPLC-UV/PDA method in the WSPFE samples from both facilities was comparable. This was also in line with the results obtained from the Folin-Ciocalteu and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. This validated gradient UPLC-UV/PDA method thus serves as a rapid approach for standardising WSPFE preparations for food and health supplement applications.</p>

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Gradient UPLC-UV/PDA Method Validation for Simultaneous Quantification of Major Phenolic Acid Compounds in Water-Soluble Palm Fruit Extract (WSPFE)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月20日

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  • Soon-Sen Leow,
  • Ravigadevi Sambanthamurthi,
  • Norazura Aila Mohd Hassim,
  • Nur Haqim Ismail,
  • Mei Huey Saw,
  • Hazrati Wazir,
  • Teck-Kim Tang,
  • Sivaruby Kanagaratnam

摘要

Investigation of innovative and environmentally sustainable approaches to generate high value-added materials from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) by-products is essential for ensuring industry sustainability. Palm oil extraction produces an aqueous phase which can be valorised through a green extraction process patented by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB). This produces Water-Soluble Palm Fruit Extract (WSPFE) which contains phenolic acids. The extract has been demonstrated to have various beneficial bioactive properties and could potentially be used in functional food and health supplement industries. To produce a standardised natural extract, validation of the method is required to quantify five major phenolic acid compounds present in WSPFE, namely protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and three caffeoylshikimic acid isomers. This study established and validated a rapid and enhanced gradient ultra-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/photodiode array (UPLC-UV/PDA) method. This validation process included the evaluation of several parameters, demonstrating that the developed gradient UPLC-UV/PDA technique had excellent specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness, with all values obtained being within acceptable limits. This method was then applied to quantify the major phenolics in WSPFE samples obtained from a Malaysian pilot plant and a Mexican commercial facility. The results demonstrated that the total content of major phenolics measured using the validated UPLC-UV/PDA method in the WSPFE samples from both facilities was comparable. This was also in line with the results obtained from the Folin-Ciocalteu and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. This validated gradient UPLC-UV/PDA method thus serves as a rapid approach for standardising WSPFE preparations for food and health supplement applications.