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<p>Essential oils (EOs) are the most valuable constituents of aromatic plants. EOs are used in various industries linked to their biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Nowadays, EOs are ingredients of many products, such as food preservatives&#xa0;and pharmaceuticals, to prevent and treat many health problems. They are also indispensable components in aromatherapy and cosmetic products. Moreover, EOs showed promising results as penetration enhancers for the improvement of bioavailability of many drugs. As science evolved, many modern techniques have been introduced for the extraction of EOs, such as supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and ultrasonic extraction, besides the traditional ones. These methods are critical to preserving EOs efficacy and quality, where the EOs can be produced with different qualities and chemical compositions according to the utilized technique. In fact, the different composition of EOs, especially the major compounds, subsequently affects their biological activities and hence their applications. The proposed review provides a comprehensive overview of the current methodologies for the extraction of EOs, emphasizing their implications on both chemical composition and biological activity. The introduced up-to-date research findings present a holistic view of the extraction landscape and provide valuable insights that can guide future research and practical applications in various fields. Additionally, the importance of sustainability in extraction practices is highlighted, proposing eco-friendly methods that can preserve environmental safety, while ensuring high-quality EOs production.</p>

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Essential Oils: The Science of Extraction and Its Implications for Composition and Biological Activity—A Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月5日

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  • Mostafa Mahmoud Hegazy,
  • Reham Hassan Mekky,
  • Adel Ehab Ibrahim,
  • Mohamed E. Abouelela,
  • Taha A. Kedra,
  • Ahmed Al-Harrasi

摘要

Essential oils (EOs) are the most valuable constituents of aromatic plants. EOs are used in various industries linked to their biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Nowadays, EOs are ingredients of many products, such as food preservatives and pharmaceuticals, to prevent and treat many health problems. They are also indispensable components in aromatherapy and cosmetic products. Moreover, EOs showed promising results as penetration enhancers for the improvement of bioavailability of many drugs. As science evolved, many modern techniques have been introduced for the extraction of EOs, such as supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and ultrasonic extraction, besides the traditional ones. These methods are critical to preserving EOs efficacy and quality, where the EOs can be produced with different qualities and chemical compositions according to the utilized technique. In fact, the different composition of EOs, especially the major compounds, subsequently affects their biological activities and hence their applications. The proposed review provides a comprehensive overview of the current methodologies for the extraction of EOs, emphasizing their implications on both chemical composition and biological activity. The introduced up-to-date research findings present a holistic view of the extraction landscape and provide valuable insights that can guide future research and practical applications in various fields. Additionally, the importance of sustainability in extraction practices is highlighted, proposing eco-friendly methods that can preserve environmental safety, while ensuring high-quality EOs production.