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<p>The bioactive properties of olive leaf extract (OLE) were investigated using various extraction methods, including microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), conventional extraction (CE), and maceration (Mc). Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to analyze and optimize extraction parameters, such as “microwave power” and “extraction time” to maximize yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (measured by DPPH·, ABTS·<sup>+</sup>, and CUPRAC assays). Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) values for DPPH·/ABTS·<sup><b>+</b></sup> ranged from 8.57 to 14.80 mg/L, with the highest antioxidant activity observed in Mc. TPC and TFC values ranged from 85.21 to 169.20 mg GAE/g dry-weight and 1.49 to 111.98 mg Qrc/g dry-weight, respectively, with MAE yielding the highest polyphenol content. LC–MS/MS analysis identified eight major components in OLE, primarily oleuropein (12.99, 11.66, and 10.65 mg/ml) and quercetin (857, 231, and 1368 mg/L), with concentrations varying according to the extraction methods for MAE, CE, and Mc, respectively. The optimized conditions for CE (<i>t</i> = 30 min) and MAE (<i>t</i> = 30 min/350 W) were determined with desirabilities of 91.1% and 82.2%, respectively. Overall, extraction method, time, and MAE power significantly influenced response variables (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). MAE power (Watt) was identified as a more significant parameter than time. PCA analysis indicated that Mc was the most effective extraction method, while MAE at 250W showed the least efficiency, especially as higher power and longer durations negatively impacted bioactive metabolites. Notably, the RSM-optimized MAE parameters closely aligned with Mc in the PCA, suggesting mutual validation between these approaches in extracting bioactive components.</p>

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RSM-Based Optimization of Bioactive Extraction and Characterization from Olea europaea Leaves: Antioxidant and Phenolic Profile by LC–MS/MS

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月17日

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  • Eyyup Karaogul,
  • Gjulten Nedjip

摘要

The bioactive properties of olive leaf extract (OLE) were investigated using various extraction methods, including microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), conventional extraction (CE), and maceration (Mc). Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to analyze and optimize extraction parameters, such as “microwave power” and “extraction time” to maximize yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (measured by DPPH·, ABTS·+, and CUPRAC assays). Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for DPPH·/ABTS·+ ranged from 8.57 to 14.80 mg/L, with the highest antioxidant activity observed in Mc. TPC and TFC values ranged from 85.21 to 169.20 mg GAE/g dry-weight and 1.49 to 111.98 mg Qrc/g dry-weight, respectively, with MAE yielding the highest polyphenol content. LC–MS/MS analysis identified eight major components in OLE, primarily oleuropein (12.99, 11.66, and 10.65 mg/ml) and quercetin (857, 231, and 1368 mg/L), with concentrations varying according to the extraction methods for MAE, CE, and Mc, respectively. The optimized conditions for CE (t = 30 min) and MAE (t = 30 min/350 W) were determined with desirabilities of 91.1% and 82.2%, respectively. Overall, extraction method, time, and MAE power significantly influenced response variables (P < 0.05). MAE power (Watt) was identified as a more significant parameter than time. PCA analysis indicated that Mc was the most effective extraction method, while MAE at 250W showed the least efficiency, especially as higher power and longer durations negatively impacted bioactive metabolites. Notably, the RSM-optimized MAE parameters closely aligned with Mc in the PCA, suggesting mutual validation between these approaches in extracting bioactive components.