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<p>Biohydrogen has emerged as a promising renewable energy carrier with significant potential to support global decarbonization and reduce dependence on fossil-derived hydrogen. This review provides a comprehensive and integrated assessment of biohydrogen production pathways, including thermochemical, biochemical, and electrochemical technologies. Major feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass, agricultural residues, food waste, industrial wastewater, sewage sludge, algae, and municipal solid waste are critically examined in relation to their availability, composition, pretreatment requirements, and hydrogen production potential. Key conversion pathways, including gasification, pyrolysis, hydrothermal gasification, biogas reforming, dark fermentation, photofermentation, biophotolysis, and microbial electrolysis, are systematically evaluated with respect to reactor design, hydrogen yield, process efficiency, scalability, and technological readiness. Particular emphasis is placed on pretreatment technologies and the trade-off between pretreatment severity and net energy balance, which strongly influence the sustainability and economic viability of lignocellulosic biohydrogen systems. In addition, recent advances in computational modeling, kinetic analysis, metabolic engineering, process simulation, and artificial intelligence are reviewed for their role in improving predictive capability, process optimization, and real-time control. The review further highlights the growing importance of hybrid systems, integrated biorefineries, engineered microbial consortia, advanced materials, and circular bioeconomy strategies in enhancing hydrogen recovery and reducing environmental impacts. Despite notable progress, challenges related to feedstock logistics, low hydrogen yield, process instability, high purification cost, and limited large-scale commercialization remain significant barriers. Overall, this review provides a forward-looking roadmap for the development of sustainable, efficient, and commercially viable biohydrogen production systems.</p>

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Biohydrogen Production Pathways: An Integrated Review of Feedstock Utilization, Technological Developments, Computational Modeling, and Emerging Prospects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月25日

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  • Tesfa Nega Gesese,
  • Desalegn Abera Mersha,
  • Asmare Tezera Admase,
  • Solomon Workneh Fanta,
  • Metadel Kassahun Abera,
  • Atrsaw Jejaw Bezie,
  • Kassaye Gizaw,
  • Gedam Tafere,
  • Ejigayehu Desalegn Asrade,
  • Surafel Argahagn Agdew,
  • Fekadu Mazengiaw Bogale,
  • Kassa Wudineh Liyew,
  • Eshetu Getahun

摘要

Biohydrogen has emerged as a promising renewable energy carrier with significant potential to support global decarbonization and reduce dependence on fossil-derived hydrogen. This review provides a comprehensive and integrated assessment of biohydrogen production pathways, including thermochemical, biochemical, and electrochemical technologies. Major feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass, agricultural residues, food waste, industrial wastewater, sewage sludge, algae, and municipal solid waste are critically examined in relation to their availability, composition, pretreatment requirements, and hydrogen production potential. Key conversion pathways, including gasification, pyrolysis, hydrothermal gasification, biogas reforming, dark fermentation, photofermentation, biophotolysis, and microbial electrolysis, are systematically evaluated with respect to reactor design, hydrogen yield, process efficiency, scalability, and technological readiness. Particular emphasis is placed on pretreatment technologies and the trade-off between pretreatment severity and net energy balance, which strongly influence the sustainability and economic viability of lignocellulosic biohydrogen systems. In addition, recent advances in computational modeling, kinetic analysis, metabolic engineering, process simulation, and artificial intelligence are reviewed for their role in improving predictive capability, process optimization, and real-time control. The review further highlights the growing importance of hybrid systems, integrated biorefineries, engineered microbial consortia, advanced materials, and circular bioeconomy strategies in enhancing hydrogen recovery and reducing environmental impacts. Despite notable progress, challenges related to feedstock logistics, low hydrogen yield, process instability, high purification cost, and limited large-scale commercialization remain significant barriers. Overall, this review provides a forward-looking roadmap for the development of sustainable, efficient, and commercially viable biohydrogen production systems.