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<p>This review compiles experimental and empirical evidence from Germany since the 1940s, revealing relationships between management drivers and yield. Two- to three-year cycles produced the highest biomass yields (9.8 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹), outperforming longer rotations of 7–10 (6.2 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹) and ~ 20 years (5.8 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹), likely due to higher shoot density in coppiced systems. Poplar achieved the highest yields, though willow nearly matched in shorter cycles. In four- to six-year cycles, poplar yields (9.5 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹) were almost three times those of birch and alder, and about 66% higher than willow. Black locust (5.0 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹) reached moderately lower yields than poplar (7.2 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹) in ten-year cycles. Poplar and willow coppice systems remain productive for over 20 years, with mean annual increment rising until root age 21 and current annual increment peaking at 15–18 years. Recent models enable more precise site and yield assessment, with plant-available water-holding capacity and precipitation emerging as key factors. In newly established systems, poplar single-stem plantations can sequester up to 2.9 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹, about 2.5 times more than young forests, while coppiced systems can reach 5.1 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹, up to six times more, making them valuable for climate mitigation when biomass enters long-lived uses. The strength of coppice systems lies in their contribution to renewable energy and as a source of raw material. With decades of trials, short rotation systems are proven mature options for biomass production and carbon mitigation. These findings underscore the need to re-evaluate the limited political attention given to short rotation systems.</p>

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Drivers of Biomass Yield and Climate Benefits in Short Rotation Forestry: A Semi-Quantitative Review of 80 Years of German Research

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Leonardo Amthauer Gallardo,
  • Andrea Biertümpfel,
  • Andreas Gurgel,
  • Kerstin Jäkel

摘要

This review compiles experimental and empirical evidence from Germany since the 1940s, revealing relationships between management drivers and yield. Two- to three-year cycles produced the highest biomass yields (9.8 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹), outperforming longer rotations of 7–10 (6.2 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹) and ~ 20 years (5.8 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹), likely due to higher shoot density in coppiced systems. Poplar achieved the highest yields, though willow nearly matched in shorter cycles. In four- to six-year cycles, poplar yields (9.5 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹) were almost three times those of birch and alder, and about 66% higher than willow. Black locust (5.0 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹) reached moderately lower yields than poplar (7.2 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹) in ten-year cycles. Poplar and willow coppice systems remain productive for over 20 years, with mean annual increment rising until root age 21 and current annual increment peaking at 15–18 years. Recent models enable more precise site and yield assessment, with plant-available water-holding capacity and precipitation emerging as key factors. In newly established systems, poplar single-stem plantations can sequester up to 2.9 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹, about 2.5 times more than young forests, while coppiced systems can reach 5.1 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹, up to six times more, making them valuable for climate mitigation when biomass enters long-lived uses. The strength of coppice systems lies in their contribution to renewable energy and as a source of raw material. With decades of trials, short rotation systems are proven mature options for biomass production and carbon mitigation. These findings underscore the need to re-evaluate the limited political attention given to short rotation systems.