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<p>Four key parameters—culture depth, paddle wheel speed, paddle wheel position, and the number of baffles in the field-scale raceway pond (FSRP) — were first optimized experimentally and then validated by CFD (computational fluid dynamics) to increase the potential of the microalga Chlorella sp. for biodiesel applications. An experimental optimization using the following ideal parameters produced the highest yield of 1.89&#xa0;g/L of <i>Chlorella</i> sp. biomass: one baffle condition, paddle speed (60&#xa0;rpm), culture depth (20&#xa0;cm), and paddle position (2 o’clock). Similarly, the lipid content of <i>Chlorella</i> sp. varied between 17 and 18% in all conditions examined, but it was slightly higher at 18.95% in the no-stirring condition. According to CFD models, an ideal culture depth of 20–25&#xa0;cm yields a streamlined velocity profile and reduced turbulence, while paddle wheel speeds between 50 and 60&#xa0;rpm significantly enhance mixing. The paddlewheel positions at 2 and 8 o’clock provided similar hydrodynamic advantages by ensuring a steady velocity profile and lessening turbulence-induced stress on algal cells. The one- or two-baffle design is recommended for large-scale applications because it offers the best nutrient distribution and mixing without appreciably raising energy consumption. The optimal FSRP settings found through experimentation were well-validated by the CFD simulations. The fatty acid profile of the biodiesel from the CFD-optimized FSRP condition consisted mainly of 32.65% palmitic and 13.48% oleic acid. Eventually, the fuel properties of <i>Chlorella</i> sp. biodiesel from the CFD-optimized FSRP condition meet the ASTM and European biodiesel standards.</p>

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Integrating Experimental Insights and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modeling of Raceway Pond Optimization to Enhance Microalgal Biomass and Lipid Productivity for Biodiesel Application

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月16日

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  • Darwin Devasia,
  • G. K. Sreya,
  • K. E. Reby Roy,
  • Bibin Prasad,
  • M. P. Sudhakar,
  • Thangavel Mathimani

摘要

Four key parameters—culture depth, paddle wheel speed, paddle wheel position, and the number of baffles in the field-scale raceway pond (FSRP) — were first optimized experimentally and then validated by CFD (computational fluid dynamics) to increase the potential of the microalga Chlorella sp. for biodiesel applications. An experimental optimization using the following ideal parameters produced the highest yield of 1.89 g/L of Chlorella sp. biomass: one baffle condition, paddle speed (60 rpm), culture depth (20 cm), and paddle position (2 o’clock). Similarly, the lipid content of Chlorella sp. varied between 17 and 18% in all conditions examined, but it was slightly higher at 18.95% in the no-stirring condition. According to CFD models, an ideal culture depth of 20–25 cm yields a streamlined velocity profile and reduced turbulence, while paddle wheel speeds between 50 and 60 rpm significantly enhance mixing. The paddlewheel positions at 2 and 8 o’clock provided similar hydrodynamic advantages by ensuring a steady velocity profile and lessening turbulence-induced stress on algal cells. The one- or two-baffle design is recommended for large-scale applications because it offers the best nutrient distribution and mixing without appreciably raising energy consumption. The optimal FSRP settings found through experimentation were well-validated by the CFD simulations. The fatty acid profile of the biodiesel from the CFD-optimized FSRP condition consisted mainly of 32.65% palmitic and 13.48% oleic acid. Eventually, the fuel properties of Chlorella sp. biodiesel from the CFD-optimized FSRP condition meet the ASTM and European biodiesel standards.