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<p>&#xa0;In this research,&#xa0;green synthesis&#xa0;of high-surface graphene nanosheets using processed <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> biomass as a novel precursor was produced. A two-step thermal process was employed in this study; the pre-carbonization was carried out at 400 <sup>◦</sup>C for 3 h, and the catalytic pyrolysis was done at 550 <sup>◦</sup>C for 3 h using potassium hydroxide as an activating agent. The experimental yield was 2.03 ± 0.37%compared to 18.85% obtained with Aspen Plus software, indicating the influence of real-world processing factors not captured in the simulation. Characterization results showed that the&#xa0;graphene nanosheets were well produced. Field emission scanning electron microscopy&#xa0;(FESEM) revealed a sheet-shape material, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy&#xa0;(EDX) showed 84.73 ± 0.16 wt% of&#xa0;carbon content. X-ray diffraction&#xa0;(XRD) also proved the presence of hexagonal carbon crystal structures with characteristic peaks at ~ 25.6° and ~ 42.8°, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the graphene-like features with <i>I</i><sub><i>D</i></sub><i>/I</i><sub><i>G</i></sub> ratio of 0.971. The&#xa0;nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis showed that the fabricated&#xa0;materials had exceptional large surface area of ~ 1439.5434 m<sup>2</sup>/g,&#xa0;an average pore size of ~ 2.4654 nm, and total pore volume of ~ 0.8872 cm<sup>3</sup>/g. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy&#xa0;(FTIR) revealed several changes in the&#xa0;functional groups after thermal processing. The findings of this study showed that the processed <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> biomass can be considered as a promising sustainable precursor for the production of high quality graphene nanosheets with potential applications in various industrial processes, including separation, biosensors, and energy storage devices.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Green Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Nanosheets from Processed Arthrospira platensis Biomass: Experimental and Simulation Studies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月25日

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  • Seyed Amirebrahim Emami Moghaddam,
  • Badrul Mohamed Jan,
  • Rabia Ikram

摘要

 In this research, green synthesis of high-surface graphene nanosheets using processed Arthrospira platensis biomass as a novel precursor was produced. A two-step thermal process was employed in this study; the pre-carbonization was carried out at 400 ◦C for 3 h, and the catalytic pyrolysis was done at 550 ◦C for 3 h using potassium hydroxide as an activating agent. The experimental yield was 2.03 ± 0.37%compared to 18.85% obtained with Aspen Plus software, indicating the influence of real-world processing factors not captured in the simulation. Characterization results showed that the graphene nanosheets were well produced. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed a sheet-shape material, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) showed 84.73 ± 0.16 wt% of carbon content. X-ray diffraction (XRD) also proved the presence of hexagonal carbon crystal structures with characteristic peaks at ~ 25.6° and ~ 42.8°, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the graphene-like features with ID/IG ratio of 0.971. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis showed that the fabricated materials had exceptional large surface area of ~ 1439.5434 m2/g, an average pore size of ~ 2.4654 nm, and total pore volume of ~ 0.8872 cm3/g. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed several changes in the functional groups after thermal processing. The findings of this study showed that the processed Arthrospira platensis biomass can be considered as a promising sustainable precursor for the production of high quality graphene nanosheets with potential applications in various industrial processes, including separation, biosensors, and energy storage devices.

Graphical Abstract