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<p>Discharging untreated industrial or municipal wastewater containing high levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, into aquatic systems poses significant environmental concerns such as eutrophication. In addition, the urgent need to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources is crucial for achieving sustainable development. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) provide an environmentally sustainable approach by utilizing microorganism metabolisms for bioelectricity generation and wastewater treatment. Consequently, MFC technology holds great promise for addressing water and energy issues. MFCs are bioelectrochemical hybrid systems that integrate bioelectricity generation, wastewater treatment, fouling mitigation, and water desalination. Despite the growing interest in MFCs, a critical gap remains in understanding how recent innovations in hybrid configurations impact performance and scalability. This review provides a novel perspective by analyzing the latest technological advancements and their role in overcoming key operational challenges. Recent trends in hybrid systems, such as UASB-MFC (up-flow anaerobic bed-MFC), EMBR-MFC (electro-membrane bioreactor-MFC), CW-MFC (constructed wetland-MFC), and MDC (microbial desalination cell), are thoroughly described. This study highlights the importance of MFCs in providing sustainable, clean, and renewable systems for bioenergy generation and wastewater treatment. Furthermore, it identifies critical knowledge gaps and proposes targeted future research directions to optimize power output, improve efficiency, and enhance long-term system performance. By addressing these gaps, this review contributes to advancing MFC technology towards real-world applications in sustainable energy and wastewater management.</p>

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Recent Advances and Emerging Trends in Microbial Fuel Cell Toward Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Bioelectricity Generation: Fundamentals, Applications, and Hybrid Systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月23日

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  • Thamires Custódio Jeremias,
  • Ana Carla Sorgato,
  • María Ángeles Lobo-Recio,
  • Flávio Rubens Lapolli

摘要

Discharging untreated industrial or municipal wastewater containing high levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, into aquatic systems poses significant environmental concerns such as eutrophication. In addition, the urgent need to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources is crucial for achieving sustainable development. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) provide an environmentally sustainable approach by utilizing microorganism metabolisms for bioelectricity generation and wastewater treatment. Consequently, MFC technology holds great promise for addressing water and energy issues. MFCs are bioelectrochemical hybrid systems that integrate bioelectricity generation, wastewater treatment, fouling mitigation, and water desalination. Despite the growing interest in MFCs, a critical gap remains in understanding how recent innovations in hybrid configurations impact performance and scalability. This review provides a novel perspective by analyzing the latest technological advancements and their role in overcoming key operational challenges. Recent trends in hybrid systems, such as UASB-MFC (up-flow anaerobic bed-MFC), EMBR-MFC (electro-membrane bioreactor-MFC), CW-MFC (constructed wetland-MFC), and MDC (microbial desalination cell), are thoroughly described. This study highlights the importance of MFCs in providing sustainable, clean, and renewable systems for bioenergy generation and wastewater treatment. Furthermore, it identifies critical knowledge gaps and proposes targeted future research directions to optimize power output, improve efficiency, and enhance long-term system performance. By addressing these gaps, this review contributes to advancing MFC technology towards real-world applications in sustainable energy and wastewater management.