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<p>This study examines the pyrolysis characteristics of wood apple shell as a sustainable biomass feedstock through morphological, elemental, thermal, calorific, and statistical analysis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that granulated samples exhibited uniform morphology with larger particle sizes and stable porosity, favouring consistent thermal degradation. In contrast, powdered samples displayed irregular particle distribution and higher pore sizes, contributing to faster decomposition. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed high carbon content in both forms, with powdered samples reaching 72.6% and granulated samples 62.5%, while oxygen ranged from 26.68% to 38.14%. The carbon-to-oxygen ratios were 2.72 for powdered and 1.62 for granulated, directly influencing volatile release and energy yield during pyrolysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified hydroxyl, carbonyl, and amine groups favourable for bio-oil and biochar production. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated major mass loss between 250 to 450°C, associated with hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin degradation, with a peak decomposition rate at 385°C. Higher heating values, calculated from elemental and proximate data, ranged from 6.54 to 7.54 kWh/kg, with powdered samples showing higher conversion efficiency. Statistical validation using Welch’s <i>t</i>-test confirmed significant differences (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) between powdered and granulated forms, reinforcing the reliability of the observed trends. The results suggest that powdered samples are advantageous for rapid decomposition and higher energy output, while granulated forms provide structural stability and sustained energy release. Overall, the findings highlight the complementary roles of particle size and feedstock form in optimizing pyrolysis pathways, with granulated wood apple shells being particularly suited for controlled and stable bio-oil production.</p>

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A Comprehensive Material Analysis for Enhancing Energy Production Through Pyrolysis of Wood Apple Shell

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月8日

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  • K. Ashwini,
  • R. Resmi,
  • Muneer Parayangat,
  • Mohamed Abbas

摘要

This study examines the pyrolysis characteristics of wood apple shell as a sustainable biomass feedstock through morphological, elemental, thermal, calorific, and statistical analysis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that granulated samples exhibited uniform morphology with larger particle sizes and stable porosity, favouring consistent thermal degradation. In contrast, powdered samples displayed irregular particle distribution and higher pore sizes, contributing to faster decomposition. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed high carbon content in both forms, with powdered samples reaching 72.6% and granulated samples 62.5%, while oxygen ranged from 26.68% to 38.14%. The carbon-to-oxygen ratios were 2.72 for powdered and 1.62 for granulated, directly influencing volatile release and energy yield during pyrolysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified hydroxyl, carbonyl, and amine groups favourable for bio-oil and biochar production. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated major mass loss between 250 to 450°C, associated with hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin degradation, with a peak decomposition rate at 385°C. Higher heating values, calculated from elemental and proximate data, ranged from 6.54 to 7.54 kWh/kg, with powdered samples showing higher conversion efficiency. Statistical validation using Welch’s t-test confirmed significant differences (p < 0.05) between powdered and granulated forms, reinforcing the reliability of the observed trends. The results suggest that powdered samples are advantageous for rapid decomposition and higher energy output, while granulated forms provide structural stability and sustained energy release. Overall, the findings highlight the complementary roles of particle size and feedstock form in optimizing pyrolysis pathways, with granulated wood apple shells being particularly suited for controlled and stable bio-oil production.