<p>Alternative family networks challenge normative ideas of family, subvert social orders, and create new spaces.This paper examines how the emergence of alternative families among Indian trans women constitutes a form of resistance against dominant social structures and conventional kinship models, enabling marginalized individuals to reclaim a sense of belonging. Drawing on Michel Foucault's theories of power, knowledge, and resistance, the paper situates these formations as critical sites of support through which Indian trans women resist and reimagine restrictive gender norms. It introduces the concept of biopolitical kinship while also engaging with post-Foucauldian thinkers to interrogate the local cultural context more closely. By positioning the gharana within a Foucauldian framework, the paper argues that such kinship systems are neither purely emancipatory nor wholly oppressive; rather, they function as complex sites where control and resistance coexist, shaping trans subjectivity in historically and culturally specific ways. Through this lens, the paper contributes to broader debates on recognition, belonging, and social justice by foregrounding indigenous forms of social organization that remain under-theorized in both Indian and global scholarship. The analysis positions alternative families as meaningful for reshaping conversations around social inclusion and diversity, suggesting how marginalized communities celebrate gender plurality, construct collective identities, and mobilize resistance by reshaping personal and cultural understandings of family.</p>

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A Foucauldian Analysis of “Alternative Family” Among Indian Trans Women

  • Harleen Kaur

摘要

Alternative family networks challenge normative ideas of family, subvert social orders, and create new spaces.This paper examines how the emergence of alternative families among Indian trans women constitutes a form of resistance against dominant social structures and conventional kinship models, enabling marginalized individuals to reclaim a sense of belonging. Drawing on Michel Foucault's theories of power, knowledge, and resistance, the paper situates these formations as critical sites of support through which Indian trans women resist and reimagine restrictive gender norms. It introduces the concept of biopolitical kinship while also engaging with post-Foucauldian thinkers to interrogate the local cultural context more closely. By positioning the gharana within a Foucauldian framework, the paper argues that such kinship systems are neither purely emancipatory nor wholly oppressive; rather, they function as complex sites where control and resistance coexist, shaping trans subjectivity in historically and culturally specific ways. Through this lens, the paper contributes to broader debates on recognition, belonging, and social justice by foregrounding indigenous forms of social organization that remain under-theorized in both Indian and global scholarship. The analysis positions alternative families as meaningful for reshaping conversations around social inclusion and diversity, suggesting how marginalized communities celebrate gender plurality, construct collective identities, and mobilize resistance by reshaping personal and cultural understandings of family.