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<p>Previous studies are indicative of the association between depression and self-focused language(I-talk). Recent findings suggest that this association may be part of a broader relationshipbetween neuroticism and self-focused language. Moreover, unlike depression and neuroticism,negative mood appears to be associated with a decrease in self-focus as an emotion regulationstrategy. The purpose of the present study is to further investigate these dynamics betweendepression, neuroticism, I-talk, and we-talk, while exploring the moderating influences of mood(negative, neutral, and positive) and gender. The sample of the study is comprised of onehundred and sixty Iranian adult participants. After the measurement of depression andneuroticism, participants were asked to freely write for 15 to 20 minutes about their state of lifeat the time, how they felt about it, and what caused those states. The writings were linguisticallyanalyzed using LIWC, which enabled the quantification of linguistic components (I-talk and we-talk). The findings showed that depression and neuroticism had different associations with I-talkdepending on mood and gender. Depression predicted I-talk among men (β = .32) but not among women (β = .11); neuroticism was unrelated to I-talk in either group. Comparing the mood conditions, the depression–I-talk estimate was largest under negative mood and near zero under positive mood, although no mood-group path reached significance. This relationship almost vanished in the positive moodcondition. Neuroticism showed its largest, though non-significant, estimate under positive mood. Finally, we-talk was mostly negatively associatedwith depression and neuroticism across the mood and gender group. This pattern is consistent with, but does not establish, a shift toward solitary rather than collective self-reference among depressed individuals rather than the collective focus which was apparent more in non-depressed individuals.</p>

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Who says "I" and who says "we"? depression, neuroticism, and self-referential language across mood and gender groups

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Soheil Behdarvandirad,
  • Larry Price,
  • Maryamsadat Mirpour

摘要

Previous studies are indicative of the association between depression and self-focused language(I-talk). Recent findings suggest that this association may be part of a broader relationshipbetween neuroticism and self-focused language. Moreover, unlike depression and neuroticism,negative mood appears to be associated with a decrease in self-focus as an emotion regulationstrategy. The purpose of the present study is to further investigate these dynamics betweendepression, neuroticism, I-talk, and we-talk, while exploring the moderating influences of mood(negative, neutral, and positive) and gender. The sample of the study is comprised of onehundred and sixty Iranian adult participants. After the measurement of depression andneuroticism, participants were asked to freely write for 15 to 20 minutes about their state of lifeat the time, how they felt about it, and what caused those states. The writings were linguisticallyanalyzed using LIWC, which enabled the quantification of linguistic components (I-talk and we-talk). The findings showed that depression and neuroticism had different associations with I-talkdepending on mood and gender. Depression predicted I-talk among men (β = .32) but not among women (β = .11); neuroticism was unrelated to I-talk in either group. Comparing the mood conditions, the depression–I-talk estimate was largest under negative mood and near zero under positive mood, although no mood-group path reached significance. This relationship almost vanished in the positive moodcondition. Neuroticism showed its largest, though non-significant, estimate under positive mood. Finally, we-talk was mostly negatively associatedwith depression and neuroticism across the mood and gender group. This pattern is consistent with, but does not establish, a shift toward solitary rather than collective self-reference among depressed individuals rather than the collective focus which was apparent more in non-depressed individuals.