<p>This study aims to examine the Italian version of the dominance scale (DS), its factorial structure, and the measurement of invariance for the sexes. The DS is based on research on the motivational/emotional system of dominance and on studies previously conducted and systematized by psychobiologist Jack Panksepp, which led to the development of the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS), which assesses six motivational and emotional systems. The DS thus ideally complements the previous six ANPS scales. The Italian version of the DS was developed by administering it to a sample of 338 subjects fairly evenly distributed between males (153) and females (185). The present study provides psychometric evidence supporting the validity and reliability of the DS. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the superiority of the originally hypothesized two-factor model—reward entitlement and social influence—over a unidimensional alternative, reinforcing the conceptualization of dominance as a multidimensional construct. The internal consistency estimates for both subscales and the total scale were satisfactory, with Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega coefficients ranging from .71–0.77. The item-total and interitem correlations indicated good homogeneity within each subscale, with no items showing evidence of poor discrimination, thereby supporting the internal structure of the scale. Measurement invariance across genders was established at the configural, metric, and scalar levels, with only minor intercept noninvariance detected for two items. These results support the equivalence of the scale across male and female groups, making it an interesting tool for studying different psychopathologies, such as mood disorders, obsessive‒compulsive disorder, and psychosis.</p>