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<p>This study developed and validated a novel questionnaire, the Scale for Game Structure (SGS), which was designed to analyze game components based on the principles of operant conditioning. In Study 1, preliminary items were developed based on the following three constructs: Design &amp; Structures, Reinforcement System, and Natural Reinforcement. The constructs were theoretically mapped onto the antecedents and consequences of the three-term contingency model in operant conditioning. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to examine the latent factors within each construct, revealing that each comprised two to three distinct factors. Study 2 employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using a new sample and supported a six-factor model, with acceptable levels of reliability and validity. The SGS enables a structured assessment of game components that influence player behavior, offering both theoretical and practical insights. By categorizing game elements as functional antecedents or consequences of gaming behavior, this scale facilitates a deeper understanding of motivational mechanisms in gameplay. The SGS can be utilized by researchers investigating behavioral outcomes of gaming and by game designers aiming to develop more engaging and effective games. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the SGS is a psychometrically sound and theoretically grounded tool for evaluating structural elements in mobile and digital games.</p>

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Developing and validating the scale for game structure: assessing game components based on operant conditioning principles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • Kyong-Mee Chung,
  • Yujin Kim,
  • Yuri Lee,
  • Yeon-Kug Moon,
  • Seoi Lee

摘要

This study developed and validated a novel questionnaire, the Scale for Game Structure (SGS), which was designed to analyze game components based on the principles of operant conditioning. In Study 1, preliminary items were developed based on the following three constructs: Design & Structures, Reinforcement System, and Natural Reinforcement. The constructs were theoretically mapped onto the antecedents and consequences of the three-term contingency model in operant conditioning. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to examine the latent factors within each construct, revealing that each comprised two to three distinct factors. Study 2 employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using a new sample and supported a six-factor model, with acceptable levels of reliability and validity. The SGS enables a structured assessment of game components that influence player behavior, offering both theoretical and practical insights. By categorizing game elements as functional antecedents or consequences of gaming behavior, this scale facilitates a deeper understanding of motivational mechanisms in gameplay. The SGS can be utilized by researchers investigating behavioral outcomes of gaming and by game designers aiming to develop more engaging and effective games. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the SGS is a psychometrically sound and theoretically grounded tool for evaluating structural elements in mobile and digital games.