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<p>In the present article we outline the development and validation of the Questionnaire of Withdrawal Factors in Volunteer Firefighters (Q-WFF) (in French, <i>Questionnaire de Facteurs d’Abandon et de Maintien de l’activité de SPV, Q-FAM</i>) via two quasi-experimental studies. The development of the Q-WFF was conceptually driven by the Proximal Withdrawal States Model (Hom et al., 2012) and psychometric theory (DeVellis &amp; Thorpe, 2021) with the empirical support of the exploratory qualitative study conducted on French volunteer firefighters (Burakova et al., 2025). Study 1 (<i>N</i> = 631) aimed at the examination of a 77-item questionnaire from which 46 items were retained for further improvement. Study 2 (<i>N</i> = 1,438) resulted in the validation of a 36-item questionnaire composed of 33 items split between 11 dimensions and 3 outcome items. The final version of the questionnaire demonstrated good psychometric qualities, including face, content and construct validity, reliability, and criterion validity. The latter was established via Latent Profile Analysis (Jamovi 2.3.3) that corroborated with previous empirical support for four withdrawal profiles (Liu &amp; Raghuram, 2022). Enthusiastic stayers and reluctant leavers appeared to be identical in terms of preference, as well as enthusiastic leavers and reluctant stayers. We discuss the unique character of the Q-WFF from the theoretical and practical perspectives.</p>

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Development and initial validation of the questionnaire of withdrawal factors in volunteer firefighters (Q-WFF)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月30日

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  • Marina Burakova,
  • Elyse Al Saddy,
  • Maria Paula Alvarez,
  • Larbi Oulhassi,
  • Marine Attal

摘要

In the present article we outline the development and validation of the Questionnaire of Withdrawal Factors in Volunteer Firefighters (Q-WFF) (in French, Questionnaire de Facteurs d’Abandon et de Maintien de l’activité de SPV, Q-FAM) via two quasi-experimental studies. The development of the Q-WFF was conceptually driven by the Proximal Withdrawal States Model (Hom et al., 2012) and psychometric theory (DeVellis & Thorpe, 2021) with the empirical support of the exploratory qualitative study conducted on French volunteer firefighters (Burakova et al., 2025). Study 1 (N = 631) aimed at the examination of a 77-item questionnaire from which 46 items were retained for further improvement. Study 2 (N = 1,438) resulted in the validation of a 36-item questionnaire composed of 33 items split between 11 dimensions and 3 outcome items. The final version of the questionnaire demonstrated good psychometric qualities, including face, content and construct validity, reliability, and criterion validity. The latter was established via Latent Profile Analysis (Jamovi 2.3.3) that corroborated with previous empirical support for four withdrawal profiles (Liu & Raghuram, 2022). Enthusiastic stayers and reluctant leavers appeared to be identical in terms of preference, as well as enthusiastic leavers and reluctant stayers. We discuss the unique character of the Q-WFF from the theoretical and practical perspectives.