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<p>Maternal attachment—the emotional bond between mother and child—is foundational to early development, yet culturally validated measures remain scarce in non-Western contexts. This two-study research adapted and validated the Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI) among Iranian mothers of children aged 2–7 years. In Study 1 (<i>n</i> = 589; M_age = 33.84, SD = 5.04), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) yielded a 26-item, four-factor structure—Proximity, Protection, Pride and Appreciation, and Competence—explaining 51.99% of variance. In Study 2 (<i>n</i> = 420; M_age = 32.92, SD = 4.88), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using diagonally weighted least squares (DWLS) confirmed excellent fit: χ² (293) = 415.50, <i>p</i> &lt; .001, CFI = 1.000, TLI = 1.003, RMSEA = 0.000 (robust = 0.032, 90% CI [0.025, 0.039]), SRMR = 0.046. The Persian MAI demonstrated strong internal consistency (α = 0.82–0.95; ω = 0.83–0.95), good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.73–0.91), convergent validity (AVE = 0.56–0.73), and discriminant validity (Fornell–Larcker criterion satisfied; total score <i>r</i> = –.32 with parental stress, <i>p</i> &lt; .001; subscales <i>r</i> = –.35 to –0.20). MANOVA revealed no significant effects of maternal age, education, or employment on MAI dimensions, except a marginal effect of employment on Pride and Appreciation (F(2, 402) = 3.05, <i>p</i> = .048). Overall, the Persian MAI is a psychometrically robust and culturally appropriate tool for assessing multidimensional maternal attachment in Iran.</p>

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Maternal attachment among Iranian mothers: Adaptation and validation of the maternal attachment inventory

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月31日

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  • Sepideh Amani,
  • Ryan J. Persram

摘要

Maternal attachment—the emotional bond between mother and child—is foundational to early development, yet culturally validated measures remain scarce in non-Western contexts. This two-study research adapted and validated the Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI) among Iranian mothers of children aged 2–7 years. In Study 1 (n = 589; M_age = 33.84, SD = 5.04), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) yielded a 26-item, four-factor structure—Proximity, Protection, Pride and Appreciation, and Competence—explaining 51.99% of variance. In Study 2 (n = 420; M_age = 32.92, SD = 4.88), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using diagonally weighted least squares (DWLS) confirmed excellent fit: χ² (293) = 415.50, p < .001, CFI = 1.000, TLI = 1.003, RMSEA = 0.000 (robust = 0.032, 90% CI [0.025, 0.039]), SRMR = 0.046. The Persian MAI demonstrated strong internal consistency (α = 0.82–0.95; ω = 0.83–0.95), good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.73–0.91), convergent validity (AVE = 0.56–0.73), and discriminant validity (Fornell–Larcker criterion satisfied; total score r = –.32 with parental stress, p < .001; subscales r = –.35 to –0.20). MANOVA revealed no significant effects of maternal age, education, or employment on MAI dimensions, except a marginal effect of employment on Pride and Appreciation (F(2, 402) = 3.05, p = .048). Overall, the Persian MAI is a psychometrically robust and culturally appropriate tool for assessing multidimensional maternal attachment in Iran.