<p>Mindfulness has been widely shown to enhance attention, yet its effects on different attentional functions and the required intervention duration remain inconsistent. Precise findings regarding attentional improvements can inform targeted interventions for specific ADHD subtypes. This study investigated the temporal progression of improvements in attentional functions during mindfulness interventions using a longitudinal design. A total of 116 participants were randomly assigned to three groups: mindfulness meditation (<i>n</i> = 39), music relaxation (<i>n</i> = 39), and mental health education (<i>n</i> = 38). Ultimately, 90 participants (30 per group) completed the study. Baseline data were collected through demographic questionnaires, the Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS), a psychological distress questionnaire, and the Attention Network Test (ANT). During the five-week intervention, participants practiced their assigned activities for 10&#xa0;min daily (excluding weekends) and completed state mindfulness assessments and ANT testing at weeks 1, 3, and 5. After controlling for baseline measures, no significant linear increase in state mindfulness was found across the groups. However, the mindfulness group demonstrated significant and sustained improvements in executive control from the first week onward, outperforming the control groups. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in alerting or orienting functions throughout the intervention. These findings suggest that mindfulness primarily enhances executive control, while its effects on alerting and orienting functions remain unclear and warrant further investigation.</p>