Off-Colour: Canada’s Ethnically Stratified Labour Market, 1995–2020
摘要
In a series of papers, Pendakur and Pendakur (1998, 2002, 2011, 2015) document that Canadian-born visible minority earnings disparity increased over the 4 decades from the 1970s to the mid 2000s. In this work, we extend the timeframe of analysis to cover earnings differentials from 1995 to 2020. The novelty of this research comes from the fact that we use a consistent model and definition of ethnic groups over time and assess both broad and detailed ethnic categories. We assess these differentials at the Canada-wide level as well as for Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. We find that disparity for visible minorities a whole is small and stable for women, with visible minority women earning 4–5% less than comparable white women throughout the period. However, disparities are large and possibly increasing for men, with visible minority men earning 12–15% less than comparable white men over 1995 to 2005 and 16–18% less over 2010–2020. In addition, we find evidence of a hierarchy of earnings inequality amongst visible minority ethnic groups, with Chinese and South Asians faring better than Caribbean and African-Black groups. We also find strong evidence that disparities are larger in Montreal than in Toronto and weak evidence that they are smaller in Vancouver than in Toronto.