Objectives <p>To study the effect of oral iron therapy for 14 wk in infants with iron deficiency anemia on scores of the Developmental Assessment Scales for Indian Infants (DASII).</p> Methods <p>This pre-post comparative study enrolled infants 6-24-mo-old with iron deficiency anemia and an equal number of non-anemic infants of same age group. The anemic group received oral iron therapy daily for 14 wk while the non-anemic group was given folic acid daily for the same duration. The primary outcome was improvement in Development Quotient (DQ) on DASII following oral iron therapy.</p> Results <p>Twenty-six infants 6-24-mo-old with iron deficiency anemia and an equal number of non-anemic infants of the same age group were enrolled. The motor scores improved significantly following iron therapy in the anemic group (<i>p</i> = 0.01). Following iron therapy, DQ for mental clusters VII corresponding to language (vocabulary and comprehension) and X corresponding to manual dexterity improved significantly as compared to the baseline in the anemic group. Anemia was corrected in 22 (85%) and serum ferritin normalized in 21 (81%) anemic infants following iron therapy while 11 (42%) non-anemic infants became anemic after 14 wk. The baseline motor and mental scores on DASII were comparable in the anemic and non-anemic infants.</p> Conclusions <p>Motor development scores on DASII as well as DQ for mental clusters VII and X improved significantly in anemic infants following oral iron therapy.</p>