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<p>Quantum computing poses a significant threat to the security of many current cryptographic algorithms. This imminent risk has accelerated the development and standardization of new cryptosystems, known as post-quantum cryptosystems. These cryptosystems are designed to protect digital information in the quantum era using classical computing resources. CRYSTALS-Kyber is a lattice-based post-quantum encryption scheme that has been selected as a standard by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. This work presents a novel kleptographic attack against the CRYSTALS-Kyber scheme, providing both theoretical insights and practical results that demonstrate its feasibility. One conclusion is that this post-quantum cryptosystem may be vulnerable to kleptographic backdoors. As a result, this study offers a mathematical analysis, software implementations, and practical methodologies to detect such backdoors, thereby contributing to the development of more transparent and verifiable cryptographic standards.</p>

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Leveraging kleptography to strengthen post-quantum cryptography

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Édgar Pérez-Ramos,
  • Candelaria Hernández-Goya,
  • Pino Caballero-Gil

摘要

Quantum computing poses a significant threat to the security of many current cryptographic algorithms. This imminent risk has accelerated the development and standardization of new cryptosystems, known as post-quantum cryptosystems. These cryptosystems are designed to protect digital information in the quantum era using classical computing resources. CRYSTALS-Kyber is a lattice-based post-quantum encryption scheme that has been selected as a standard by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. This work presents a novel kleptographic attack against the CRYSTALS-Kyber scheme, providing both theoretical insights and practical results that demonstrate its feasibility. One conclusion is that this post-quantum cryptosystem may be vulnerable to kleptographic backdoors. As a result, this study offers a mathematical analysis, software implementations, and practical methodologies to detect such backdoors, thereby contributing to the development of more transparent and verifiable cryptographic standards.