Blockchain-oriented secure communication and smart parking model for internet of electric vehicles in smart cities

The demand for electric vehicles is growing in smart cities, transforming the Internet of Vehicles into an Internet of Electric Vehicles. The surge in electric vehicles strains power grids and exacerbates demand pressures, posing significant challenges to energy networks in smart cities. The second biggest issue in the smart city infrastructure is the trust and privacy issue between the network participants. EV drivers endure time loss while waiting for charging at the electric vehicle charging station and underutilization of parked parking durations. To address these challenges, the proposed model establishes a secure blockchain-based prosumer network to harness green energy and fulfill electricity demands in the Internet of Vehicles in smart cities. The Smart Parking Model (SPM) is a platform for prosumers and EVs, implementing a trust management system and auto-adjustable charging pads to enhance power delivery efficiency. A smart contract-based system ensures fairness and bias-free transactions, prioritizing user utility based on charging urgency. A rating eligibility algorithm safeguards against malicious rating attacks. The model leverages diverse technologies to ensure secure services and resource optimization for sustainable development. Comprehensive experiments validate the effectiveness and security of the proposed framework.