Hague: a hybrid scaling stateless blockchain

Scalability issues pose a significant challenge to the widespread adoption of blockchain technology in practical applications. While many blockchain scaling technologies have been developed, most of them require a trade-off between security and scalability. To address this challenge, we propose a hybrid scaling stateless blockchain called Hague, combining on-chain scaling with off-chain scaling to achieve high scalability and security. Specifically, we decouple the block construction process by assigning block packing, execution, and consensus to different participants to avoid data availability risk. In addition, we propose an SGX-based off-chain transaction execution scheme for stateless transaction verification. Finally, we propose a one-time data backup group scheme to improve data retrievability. Experimental results show that Hague outperforms existing work regarding security, performance, transaction latency, network and storage overhead.