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<p>Foraging site constancy, or repeated return to the same foraging location, is a foraging strategy used by many species to decrease uncertainty and risks. It is often unclear, however, exactly how organisms identify the foraging site. Here we are interested in the context where the actual harvesting of food is first preceded by a separate exploration period. In this context, foraging consists of three distinct steps: (1) exploration of the landscape (site-generation), (2) selection of a foraging site (site-selection), and (3) exploitation (harvesting) through repeated trips between the foraging site and "home base". This type of foraging has received scant attention in the modelling literature, leading to two main knowledge gaps. First, there is very little known about <i>how</i> organisms implement steps (1) and (2). Second, it is not known how the <i>choice</i> of implementation method affects the <i>outcomes</i> of step (3). Typical outcomes include the foragers’ rate of energy return, and the distribution of foragers on the landscape. We investigate these two gaps, using an agent-based model with bumble bees as our model organism foraging in a patchy resource landscape of crop, wildflower, and empty cells. We tested two different site-generation methods (random and circular foray exploration behaviour) and four different site-selection methods (random and optimizing based on distance from the nest, local wildflower density, or net rate of energy return) on a variety of outcomes from the site-constant harvesting step. We find that site-selection method has a high impact on crop pollination services as well as the percent of crop resources collected, while site-generation method has a high impact on the percent of time spent harvesting and the total trip time. We also find that some of the patterns we identify can be used to infer how a given real organism is identifying a foraging site. Our results underscore the importance of explicitly considering exploratory behaviour to better understand the ecological consequences of foraging dynamics.</p>

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The importance of exploration: model predictions for ecosystem services and forager fitness

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月14日

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  • Sarah A. MacQueen,
  • Clara F. Hardy,
  • W. John Braun,
  • Rebecca C. Tyson

摘要

Foraging site constancy, or repeated return to the same foraging location, is a foraging strategy used by many species to decrease uncertainty and risks. It is often unclear, however, exactly how organisms identify the foraging site. Here we are interested in the context where the actual harvesting of food is first preceded by a separate exploration period. In this context, foraging consists of three distinct steps: (1) exploration of the landscape (site-generation), (2) selection of a foraging site (site-selection), and (3) exploitation (harvesting) through repeated trips between the foraging site and "home base". This type of foraging has received scant attention in the modelling literature, leading to two main knowledge gaps. First, there is very little known about how organisms implement steps (1) and (2). Second, it is not known how the choice of implementation method affects the outcomes of step (3). Typical outcomes include the foragers’ rate of energy return, and the distribution of foragers on the landscape. We investigate these two gaps, using an agent-based model with bumble bees as our model organism foraging in a patchy resource landscape of crop, wildflower, and empty cells. We tested two different site-generation methods (random and circular foray exploration behaviour) and four different site-selection methods (random and optimizing based on distance from the nest, local wildflower density, or net rate of energy return) on a variety of outcomes from the site-constant harvesting step. We find that site-selection method has a high impact on crop pollination services as well as the percent of crop resources collected, while site-generation method has a high impact on the percent of time spent harvesting and the total trip time. We also find that some of the patterns we identify can be used to infer how a given real organism is identifying a foraging site. Our results underscore the importance of explicitly considering exploratory behaviour to better understand the ecological consequences of foraging dynamics.