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<p>Reliable tympanometry and acoustic reflex (AR) measurements require adequate environmental quiet, which is often difficult to achieve in busy clinics or outreach screening programs. To our knowledge, although AR is assumed to be more vulnerable to noise than tympanometry, there are no systematic data describing the acute effects of different noise types or delivery modes on these measurements. The aim of this study was to determine how narrowband and broadband noise delivered through different transducers affect tympanometric parameters and AR thresholds in normal-hearing adults. This single-group, pre-post experimental study included 43 healthy young adults (22 women, 21 men) aged 18–26 years with normal hearing thresholds and type A tympanograms. Baseline measures were obtained in silence, followed by testing under three noise conditions: (i) narrowband noise (500&#xa0;Hz and 2000&#xa0;Hz) via supra-aural headphones (SAH), (ii) narrowband noise via bone conduction, and (iii) broadband noise delivered in free-field. Tympanometry (226&#xa0;Hz probe tone) and ipsilateral AR (500, 1000, and 2000&#xa0;Hz) were recorded in each condition. Tympanometric peak pressure and ear canal volume showed no significant differences (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.0033). Peak compliance decreased significantly when 500&#xa0;Hz and 2000&#xa0;Hz narrowband noise was delivered via SAH at levels sufficient to activate the contralateral acoustic reflex (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), but not when the same noise was delivered by bone conduction or as broadband free-field noise. AR thresholds increased significantly in all noise conditions, with SAH 2000&#xa0;Hz producing the largest effects and multiple significant differences between transmission routes and frequencies (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). It was observed that broadband free-field noise simulating external noise did not affect the Tympanometry, but it raised the threshold in all AR measurements (especially in low-frequency results). SAH stimulation activating the contralateral AR circuit affected tympanometry and AR more than bone conduction, which did not. Based on these two results, the noise in the test environment should be at a level sufficient to activate the reflex for it to affect the tympanometry, while noise should be minimized for the AR measurements.</p>

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Tympanometry and Acoustic Reflex Changes in Response to Noise of Different Frequencies and Delivery Modes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Kerem Ersin

摘要

Reliable tympanometry and acoustic reflex (AR) measurements require adequate environmental quiet, which is often difficult to achieve in busy clinics or outreach screening programs. To our knowledge, although AR is assumed to be more vulnerable to noise than tympanometry, there are no systematic data describing the acute effects of different noise types or delivery modes on these measurements. The aim of this study was to determine how narrowband and broadband noise delivered through different transducers affect tympanometric parameters and AR thresholds in normal-hearing adults. This single-group, pre-post experimental study included 43 healthy young adults (22 women, 21 men) aged 18–26 years with normal hearing thresholds and type A tympanograms. Baseline measures were obtained in silence, followed by testing under three noise conditions: (i) narrowband noise (500 Hz and 2000 Hz) via supra-aural headphones (SAH), (ii) narrowband noise via bone conduction, and (iii) broadband noise delivered in free-field. Tympanometry (226 Hz probe tone) and ipsilateral AR (500, 1000, and 2000 Hz) were recorded in each condition. Tympanometric peak pressure and ear canal volume showed no significant differences (p > 0.0033). Peak compliance decreased significantly when 500 Hz and 2000 Hz narrowband noise was delivered via SAH at levels sufficient to activate the contralateral acoustic reflex (p < 0.05), but not when the same noise was delivered by bone conduction or as broadband free-field noise. AR thresholds increased significantly in all noise conditions, with SAH 2000 Hz producing the largest effects and multiple significant differences between transmission routes and frequencies (p < 0.05). It was observed that broadband free-field noise simulating external noise did not affect the Tympanometry, but it raised the threshold in all AR measurements (especially in low-frequency results). SAH stimulation activating the contralateral AR circuit affected tympanometry and AR more than bone conduction, which did not. Based on these two results, the noise in the test environment should be at a level sufficient to activate the reflex for it to affect the tympanometry, while noise should be minimized for the AR measurements.