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<p>To develop a culturally appropriate, economically priced olfaction testing kit based on Indian domestic odorants and assess its diagnostic accuracy in healthy controls and patients with rhinosinusitis. Cross-sectional study with 120 participants: 60 healthy controls, 30 chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and 30 acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) patients. The kit included odour identification test (OIT) with ten Indian household items and butanol threshold test (BTT) with five dilutions. Clinical examination, nasal endoscopy (Lund-Kennedy scoring), and olfaction testing were performed in all participants. Statistical analysis involved Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, and ROC curve analysis. Groups differed significantly in OIT, BTT, and sum of olfactory scores (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The test had exceptional diagnostic accuracy to discriminate ARS from controls (AUC = 0.9867) with 100% sensitivity and 93.3% specificity at cut-off ≥ 16. Moderate accuracy was established for differentiation of CRS (AUC: 0.629–0.643). Very strong inverse correlation between Lund-Kennedy scores and olfactory function was observed (<i>r</i>=-0.582, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Per-patient cost was &lt;₹500 with three-month shelf life.This indigenous olfaction test kit is shown to have strong diagnostic capability, especially for acute olfactory dysfunction, and is a useful, culturally validated, cost-effective means for assessing smell in Indian clinical practice.</p>

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Exploring Culturally Aligned and Affordable Indigenous Olfaction Function Testing: A Cross-Sectional Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • C. Vanlalhriatpuia,
  • Anbarasi Madoure,
  • Ramkumar Rethinasamy,
  • Lokesh Kumar Penubarthi

摘要

To develop a culturally appropriate, economically priced olfaction testing kit based on Indian domestic odorants and assess its diagnostic accuracy in healthy controls and patients with rhinosinusitis. Cross-sectional study with 120 participants: 60 healthy controls, 30 chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and 30 acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) patients. The kit included odour identification test (OIT) with ten Indian household items and butanol threshold test (BTT) with five dilutions. Clinical examination, nasal endoscopy (Lund-Kennedy scoring), and olfaction testing were performed in all participants. Statistical analysis involved Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, and ROC curve analysis. Groups differed significantly in OIT, BTT, and sum of olfactory scores (p < 0.05). The test had exceptional diagnostic accuracy to discriminate ARS from controls (AUC = 0.9867) with 100% sensitivity and 93.3% specificity at cut-off ≥ 16. Moderate accuracy was established for differentiation of CRS (AUC: 0.629–0.643). Very strong inverse correlation between Lund-Kennedy scores and olfactory function was observed (r=-0.582, p < 0.001). Per-patient cost was <₹500 with three-month shelf life.This indigenous olfaction test kit is shown to have strong diagnostic capability, especially for acute olfactory dysfunction, and is a useful, culturally validated, cost-effective means for assessing smell in Indian clinical practice.