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<p>Air pollution is a major environmental determinant of respiratory disease in rapidly urbanizing regions. Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma share overlapping inflammatory pathways, yet region-specific evidence linking pollutant exposure with disease severity remains limited in India. This study examined the association between real-time ambient air pollutant exposure and the severity of AR with comorbid asthma among adults residing in Delhi National Capital Region (NCR). An observational, analytical, 1:1 case–control study was conducted from January to December 2024 at a tertiary hospital in Delhi NCR. Adults aged 18–65 years with clinically confirmed AR and asthma (<i>n</i> = 100) were compared with age-, sex-, and residence-matched healthy controls (<i>n</i> = 100). Ambient concentrations of PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, NOₓ, SO₂, and O₃ were obtained from the nearest Central Pollution Control Board monitoring stations for the week of clinical assessment. Spirometry, symptom scoring, and standardized questionnaires assessed disease severity and functional impact. Statistical analyses included t-tests, Pearson correlation, and logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, and residence type. Mean pollutant concentrations exceeded WHO annual limits for both groups, with significantly higher PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, and NOₓ levels among cases (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Lung function indices were lower in cases (FEV₁/FVC 68.5 ± 5.2 vs. 79.8 ± 4.5, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), and symptom scores correlated inversely with FEV₁/FVC (<i>r</i>=–0.82). Pollution and symptom peaks occurred during winter and post-monsoon months. Greater symptom severity was associated with increased work absenteeism, medication use, and sleep disruption. Sustained exposure to fine and coarse particulate matter was associated with impaired lung function and increased symptom burden among adults with AR and asthma in Delhi NCR. Real-time, patient-level exposure assessment confirmed a dose-dependent relationship between pollutant load and airway dysfunction. These findings emphasize the need for integrated air quality surveillance within respiratory care and region-specific strategies to mitigate pollutant exposure.</p>

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Impact of Ambient Air Pollution on Allergic Rhinitis with Comorbid Asthma in Adults from Delhi NCR: A Case–Control Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月12日

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  • Srujan Vallur,
  • Sanjay Kumar,
  • Himanshu Swami,
  • Bhanu Pratap Singh,
  • Snehangsh Dash

摘要

Air pollution is a major environmental determinant of respiratory disease in rapidly urbanizing regions. Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma share overlapping inflammatory pathways, yet region-specific evidence linking pollutant exposure with disease severity remains limited in India. This study examined the association between real-time ambient air pollutant exposure and the severity of AR with comorbid asthma among adults residing in Delhi National Capital Region (NCR). An observational, analytical, 1:1 case–control study was conducted from January to December 2024 at a tertiary hospital in Delhi NCR. Adults aged 18–65 years with clinically confirmed AR and asthma (n = 100) were compared with age-, sex-, and residence-matched healthy controls (n = 100). Ambient concentrations of PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, NOₓ, SO₂, and O₃ were obtained from the nearest Central Pollution Control Board monitoring stations for the week of clinical assessment. Spirometry, symptom scoring, and standardized questionnaires assessed disease severity and functional impact. Statistical analyses included t-tests, Pearson correlation, and logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, and residence type. Mean pollutant concentrations exceeded WHO annual limits for both groups, with significantly higher PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, and NOₓ levels among cases (p < 0.001). Lung function indices were lower in cases (FEV₁/FVC 68.5 ± 5.2 vs. 79.8 ± 4.5, p < 0.001), and symptom scores correlated inversely with FEV₁/FVC (r=–0.82). Pollution and symptom peaks occurred during winter and post-monsoon months. Greater symptom severity was associated with increased work absenteeism, medication use, and sleep disruption. Sustained exposure to fine and coarse particulate matter was associated with impaired lung function and increased symptom burden among adults with AR and asthma in Delhi NCR. Real-time, patient-level exposure assessment confirmed a dose-dependent relationship between pollutant load and airway dysfunction. These findings emphasize the need for integrated air quality surveillance within respiratory care and region-specific strategies to mitigate pollutant exposure.