<p>The incidence of salivary calculus has been increasing recently and the exact cause of the formation of salivary calculus is not known. To investigate the possible risk factors for the formation of salivary calculus and to compare various risk factors of salivary calculus in 30 diagnosed cases of sialolithiasis and 60 matched controls. 30 clinically diagnosed and radiologically confirmed cases of Sialolithiasis were compared with 60 age and gender-matched controls. A detailed history was documented from both cases and controls, which includes complete clinical history, past history, drug history, personal history like substance abuse, and type and amount of water intake. Biochemical analysis of unstimulated whole saliva was performed for 10 cases and compared with controls. 20 to 40 years was found to be the most common age group involved in sialolithiasis with a slightly higher incidence in males (56%) and the most common symptoms of presentation are swelling in the submandibular region followed by dryness of mouth. Incidence of other calculus diseases like nephrolithiasis and cholelithiasis was higher in the cases. Personal habits like inadequate water intake, inadequate sleep and poor oral hygiene were also more frequent in the cases group. Lower levels of sodium and chloride were found in the salivary analysis of patients with sialolithiasis. There might be an association between the three calculus diseases, sialolithiasis, nephrolithiasis, and cholelithiasis with a common etiological or predisposing factor. Inadequate water intake and inadequate sleep leading to dehydration and hyposalivation can predispose to sialolithiasis.</p>