<p>Nasalance refers to the relative amounts of oral and nasal acoustic energy in speech. Simplified Nasometric Assessment Protocol (SNAP) Test is one of the standardized tests used for testing hypernasality for children in English speaking countries which makes use of picture stimuli to evaluate resonance in children. Since nasality or oro-nasality is dependent on language, we cannot use picture stimuli from one language to represent the same oro-nasal word in another language. Thus there is need to develop such a material which can be used for testing children without sufficient literacy skills. The aim of present study was to develop and standardize simplified nasometric assessment test in hindi based on SNAP in order to assess the hypernasality in (3–9) years old children. Total of thirty typically developing children in the age range of (3–9) years were taken as the participants of the study. Word list for Simplified Nasometric Assessment Test in Hindi language was developed in the following steps. Picturable group of Hindi words was selected for the present study. The words and picture selected were based on the phonetic context of picture cued subtest of Simplified Nasometric Assessment Protocol with bilabial plosives /p/, lingua-alveolar plosives /t/, velar plosives /k/, sibilant fricatives/s/, and nasals/m/,/n/ from Hindi story books and textbooks belonging to kindergarten. Target phonemes which were used for this task were /p/, / t/,/ k/, /ʃ/,/ s/, /m/,and / n/. For standardisation of the stimuli, developed test was administered on 30 normal participants within the age range of 3–9 years. The children were presented with the newly developed picture cards and were asked to name the pictures along with a carrier phrase. The responses across different phonetic contexts were recorded using Nasometer II and mean nasalance values were noted. The reliability of the responses was checked by retesting after one week interval. The validity of the test was checked by administering the test on thirty Hindi speaking children with repaired cleft lip and palate. The mean nasalance value for the whole set of oral consonants was 14.99 with SD 3.38 and for the nasal consonants mean nasalance value was 63.2 with SD 9.15 in typically developing children. Paired t test revealed significant difference between oral and nasal consonants (<i>p</i> < 0.05) i.e. the mean nasalance for the oral consonants was significantl less than the mean for nasal consonants. The retest condition showed reliability coefficient a 0.675 for oral consonants and 0.72 for nasal consonants. It was concluded that nasalance value of the oral consonants were significantly high in case of children with VPI when compared to typically developing children, indicating an inappropriate velopharyngeal closure and subsequent nasal airflow. However in case of nasal consonants, no significant difference was seen in children with VP than those of the typically developing children. Thus the present study is expected to provide a clinical tool for assessing young Hindi speaking children with hypernasality who are yet to achieve literacy skills and the findings from the present study may provide a baseline for assessing children with resonance disorders or planning therapeutic interventions.</p>

Development of Hindi Version of Simplified Nasometric Assessment Test

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年6月24日

查看全文

Reshu Varshnay,
Ritu Gupta,
Shriya Basu

摘要

Nasalance refers to the relative amounts of oral and nasal acoustic energy in speech. Simplified Nasometric Assessment Protocol (SNAP) Test is one of the standardized tests used for testing hypernasality for children in English speaking countries which makes use of picture stimuli to evaluate resonance in children. Since nasality or oro-nasality is dependent on language, we cannot use picture stimuli from one language to represent the same oro-nasal word in another language. Thus there is need to develop such a material which can be used for testing children without sufficient literacy skills. The aim of present study was to develop and standardize simplified nasometric assessment test in hindi based on SNAP in order to assess the hypernasality in (3–9) years old children. Total of thirty typically developing children in the age range of (3–9) years were taken as the participants of the study. Word list for Simplified Nasometric Assessment Test in Hindi language was developed in the following steps. Picturable group of Hindi words was selected for the present study. The words and picture selected were based on the phonetic context of picture cued subtest of Simplified Nasometric Assessment Protocol with bilabial plosives /p/, lingua-alveolar plosives /t/, velar plosives /k/, sibilant fricatives/s/, and nasals/m/,/n/ from Hindi story books and textbooks belonging to kindergarten. Target phonemes which were used for this task were /p/, / t/,/ k/, /ʃ/,/ s/, /m/,and / n/. For standardisation of the stimuli, developed test was administered on 30 normal participants within the age range of 3–9 years. The children were presented with the newly developed picture cards and were asked to name the pictures along with a carrier phrase. The responses across different phonetic contexts were recorded using Nasometer II and mean nasalance values were noted. The reliability of the responses was checked by retesting after one week interval. The validity of the test was checked by administering the test on thirty Hindi speaking children with repaired cleft lip and palate. The mean nasalance value for the whole set of oral consonants was 14.99 with SD 3.38 and for the nasal consonants mean nasalance value was 63.2 with SD 9.15 in typically developing children. Paired t test revealed significant difference between oral and nasal consonants (p < 0.05) i.e. the mean nasalance for the oral consonants was significantl less than the mean for nasal consonants. The retest condition showed reliability coefficient a 0.675 for oral consonants and 0.72 for nasal consonants. It was concluded that nasalance value of the oral consonants were significantly high in case of children with VPI when compared to typically developing children, indicating an inappropriate velopharyngeal closure and subsequent nasal airflow. However in case of nasal consonants, no significant difference was seen in children with VP than those of the typically developing children. Thus the present study is expected to provide a clinical tool for assessing young Hindi speaking children with hypernasality who are yet to achieve literacy skills and the findings from the present study may provide a baseline for assessing children with resonance disorders or planning therapeutic interventions.