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<p>This study examined whether the influences of life-course socioeconomic status (SES) based on the immediate, latent period, pathway, social mobility, and accumulation models on later-life self-rated health (SRH) varies between birth cohorts in Japan. Life-course SES in childhood, adulthood, and older age was evaluated through fathers’ educational attainment (FEA), participants’ educational attainment (PEA), and current household income (CHI), respectively. Three birth cohorts were defined—1926–1935 (IC), 1936–1945 (IIC), and 1946–1955 (IIIC)—characterized by exposure to the pre-World War II (WWII) educational system, the introduction of the post-WWII educational system, and the expansion of high school and university admission, respectively, and later cohorts had greater access to health care. We hypothesized that all influences of life-course SES using the five models are weakened across the later birth cohorts. Participants aged 65–74 years were selected from the Japanese General Social Survey. In IC, the influences based on immediate effect of CHI, the pathway (FEA→PEA→CHI and PEA→CHI), social mobility, and accumulation models were significant. Participants in IIC did not exhibit significant influences based on any model. The influences based on the pathway and accumulation models were significant in IIIC, while influences based on the path model were significantly stronger in IC than in IIC. These results did not support the hypothesis. Although the influence of life-course SES on later-life health may weaken in birth cohorts who were children when new education and universal health insurance systems were introduced after WWII, this influence remained in the latest birth cohort.</p>

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Interpreting Health Disparities: A Comparative Analysis of Birth Cohorts and Influences of Education, Father’s Education, and Household Income

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月4日

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  • Hidehiro Sugisawa,
  • Yoko Sugihara

摘要

This study examined whether the influences of life-course socioeconomic status (SES) based on the immediate, latent period, pathway, social mobility, and accumulation models on later-life self-rated health (SRH) varies between birth cohorts in Japan. Life-course SES in childhood, adulthood, and older age was evaluated through fathers’ educational attainment (FEA), participants’ educational attainment (PEA), and current household income (CHI), respectively. Three birth cohorts were defined—1926–1935 (IC), 1936–1945 (IIC), and 1946–1955 (IIIC)—characterized by exposure to the pre-World War II (WWII) educational system, the introduction of the post-WWII educational system, and the expansion of high school and university admission, respectively, and later cohorts had greater access to health care. We hypothesized that all influences of life-course SES using the five models are weakened across the later birth cohorts. Participants aged 65–74 years were selected from the Japanese General Social Survey. In IC, the influences based on immediate effect of CHI, the pathway (FEA→PEA→CHI and PEA→CHI), social mobility, and accumulation models were significant. Participants in IIC did not exhibit significant influences based on any model. The influences based on the pathway and accumulation models were significant in IIIC, while influences based on the path model were significantly stronger in IC than in IIC. These results did not support the hypothesis. Although the influence of life-course SES on later-life health may weaken in birth cohorts who were children when new education and universal health insurance systems were introduced after WWII, this influence remained in the latest birth cohort.