<p>Spatial patterns of COVID-19 vaccination rates can be used to develop policies to manage the disease as it has transitioned to an ongoing endemic disease. Within this context, there can be different stages of vaccination status. For example, a person can have one or more doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, have completed the initial vaccination regimen of two doses for most forms of the vaccine, or have received booster doses to maintain vaccination benefits over time. We conduct correlation and Gi* hot spot analyses of different vaccination stages using the most recent publicly available county-level data from the CDC to investigate the sensitivity of geospatial patterns to these different definitions. We also conducted a correlation analysis of these stages with the crude COVID-19 death rate and percent of total deaths that were from COVID-19. We find little spatial difference between the vaccination rates for the full population versus only the elderly population. We also find little spatial difference between those who have received at least one dose and those who completed the initial vaccination regimen. However, there are considerable geospatial differences in hot spots and cold spots when comparing those who have received at least one booster dose versus those who have received any dose or have completed the initial regimen. Also, there was variation in both the directions and strengths of the correlations with different stages and the crude COVID-19 death rate. Therefore, ongoing management of COVID-19 should involve analysis of booster doses in addition to overall vaccination rates, as they do not produce the same spatial patterns. Additionally, this study contributes to the literature that analyzes the uptake of bivalent boosters, as well as one of the first to spatially analyze the uptake of boosters for the contiguous United States at a county scale.</p>

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The Effects of the Vaccination Stage on Identifying COVID Vaccination Hot Spots and Cold Spots

  • Jamison Conley,
  • Brian Hendricks,
  • Frank Annie,
  • Brian Witrick,
  • Timothy Dotson

摘要

Spatial patterns of COVID-19 vaccination rates can be used to develop policies to manage the disease as it has transitioned to an ongoing endemic disease. Within this context, there can be different stages of vaccination status. For example, a person can have one or more doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, have completed the initial vaccination regimen of two doses for most forms of the vaccine, or have received booster doses to maintain vaccination benefits over time. We conduct correlation and Gi* hot spot analyses of different vaccination stages using the most recent publicly available county-level data from the CDC to investigate the sensitivity of geospatial patterns to these different definitions. We also conducted a correlation analysis of these stages with the crude COVID-19 death rate and percent of total deaths that were from COVID-19. We find little spatial difference between the vaccination rates for the full population versus only the elderly population. We also find little spatial difference between those who have received at least one dose and those who completed the initial vaccination regimen. However, there are considerable geospatial differences in hot spots and cold spots when comparing those who have received at least one booster dose versus those who have received any dose or have completed the initial regimen. Also, there was variation in both the directions and strengths of the correlations with different stages and the crude COVID-19 death rate. Therefore, ongoing management of COVID-19 should involve analysis of booster doses in addition to overall vaccination rates, as they do not produce the same spatial patterns. Additionally, this study contributes to the literature that analyzes the uptake of bivalent boosters, as well as one of the first to spatially analyze the uptake of boosters for the contiguous United States at a county scale.