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<p>Biodiversity loss is a critical challenge globally, and protected areas (PAs) has been established as an important policy tool for conservation. However, doubts exist regarding their effectiveness, and their policy effects and spatial spillover effects on surrounding areas are poorly understood. To address this, this study evaluated the effectiveness of Heilongjiang Nanwenghe National Nature Reserve (HNNNR) in China by using a combination of InVEST model, the DID and SDID models. The study covers a time span of approximately 31&#xa0;years (1990–2020) and is divided into two periods (1990–1999 and 1999–2020), which allows for the assessment of the effects of nature reserves in the region. First, based on remote sensing techniques and InVEST model, we assessed the habitat quality in HNNNR and Non-reserve. Then, we implemented the DID model to evaluate the policy effects of HNNNR. Finally, with the existence of spatial spillover effects proven by the spatial econometric model, we adopted and improved the SDID model. This was adopted to evaluate the policy effects and spatial spillover effects of the establishment of HNNNR on the surrounding area and itself. We compared the results of the DID and SDID models and found that: (1) The establishment of the Heilongjiang Nanwenghe National Nature Reserve (HNNNR) has improved habitat quality both inside and outside the reserve, and the cumulative improvement in habitat quality is greater in the non-reserve area than within the reserve itself; (2) The core zone within the reserve showed the most significant improvement in habitat quality, while the buffer zone showed the least improvement; (3) The improvement of habitat quality in non-reserve was contributed by the policy spatial spillover effects, where the buffer zone has the strongest spillover benefits to the non-reserve, but the core zone has the weakest spillover effects to the non-reserve. Our results show the beneficial impact of a nature reserve for improving habitat quality in and around the nature reserve. This study provides a quantitative paradigm for assessing the conservation effectiveness of PAs across temporal and spatial scales. As an improved model, this would be pivotal for decision-makers in the management of existing PAs and the establishment of new PAs in future.</p>

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How Nature Reserve Policies in China Support Local and Peripheral Biodiversity: Evidence from the INVEST-SDID Model

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月8日

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  • Daozheng Li,
  • Diling Liang,
  • Weifeng Deng,
  • Guoen Wei,
  • Tongning Li

摘要

Biodiversity loss is a critical challenge globally, and protected areas (PAs) has been established as an important policy tool for conservation. However, doubts exist regarding their effectiveness, and their policy effects and spatial spillover effects on surrounding areas are poorly understood. To address this, this study evaluated the effectiveness of Heilongjiang Nanwenghe National Nature Reserve (HNNNR) in China by using a combination of InVEST model, the DID and SDID models. The study covers a time span of approximately 31 years (1990–2020) and is divided into two periods (1990–1999 and 1999–2020), which allows for the assessment of the effects of nature reserves in the region. First, based on remote sensing techniques and InVEST model, we assessed the habitat quality in HNNNR and Non-reserve. Then, we implemented the DID model to evaluate the policy effects of HNNNR. Finally, with the existence of spatial spillover effects proven by the spatial econometric model, we adopted and improved the SDID model. This was adopted to evaluate the policy effects and spatial spillover effects of the establishment of HNNNR on the surrounding area and itself. We compared the results of the DID and SDID models and found that: (1) The establishment of the Heilongjiang Nanwenghe National Nature Reserve (HNNNR) has improved habitat quality both inside and outside the reserve, and the cumulative improvement in habitat quality is greater in the non-reserve area than within the reserve itself; (2) The core zone within the reserve showed the most significant improvement in habitat quality, while the buffer zone showed the least improvement; (3) The improvement of habitat quality in non-reserve was contributed by the policy spatial spillover effects, where the buffer zone has the strongest spillover benefits to the non-reserve, but the core zone has the weakest spillover effects to the non-reserve. Our results show the beneficial impact of a nature reserve for improving habitat quality in and around the nature reserve. This study provides a quantitative paradigm for assessing the conservation effectiveness of PAs across temporal and spatial scales. As an improved model, this would be pivotal for decision-makers in the management of existing PAs and the establishment of new PAs in future.