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<p>This study explores how the design of national policy mixes influenced the achievement of energy efficiency targets in the European Union (EU) during two programming periods (2014–2020 and 2021–2030). In particular, it examines the interplay between energy efficiency obligation schemes, financial and fiscal incentives, and taxation measures. Using descriptive statistics and comparative analysis across EU Member States, the study finds that greater diversity in the policy instruments generally contributed to better target achievement. The results suggest that while no universal policy mix exists, Member States relying exclusively on a single instrument type faced higher risks of non-achievement. Moreover, energy efficiency obligation schemes consistently proved to be more cost-effective (up to ten times) compared to financial and fiscal incentives. Nevertheless, financing schemes/fiscal incentives were by far the most numerous type of measures in the 2014–2020 period and experienced a significant increase in 2021–2030 in number and volume. Given the emphasis on cost-effectiveness and budgetary constraints in EU energy policy, future strategies may benefit from reinforcing the role of obligation schemes within a diversified policy mix.</p>

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What is in the policy mix? The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency instruments in the EU countries at the crossroads of two periods

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月17日

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  • Daniel Nigohosyan,
  • Albena Vutsova

摘要

This study explores how the design of national policy mixes influenced the achievement of energy efficiency targets in the European Union (EU) during two programming periods (2014–2020 and 2021–2030). In particular, it examines the interplay between energy efficiency obligation schemes, financial and fiscal incentives, and taxation measures. Using descriptive statistics and comparative analysis across EU Member States, the study finds that greater diversity in the policy instruments generally contributed to better target achievement. The results suggest that while no universal policy mix exists, Member States relying exclusively on a single instrument type faced higher risks of non-achievement. Moreover, energy efficiency obligation schemes consistently proved to be more cost-effective (up to ten times) compared to financial and fiscal incentives. Nevertheless, financing schemes/fiscal incentives were by far the most numerous type of measures in the 2014–2020 period and experienced a significant increase in 2021–2030 in number and volume. Given the emphasis on cost-effectiveness and budgetary constraints in EU energy policy, future strategies may benefit from reinforcing the role of obligation schemes within a diversified policy mix.