<p>Simulations are carried out to elucidate the mixed convection analysis from a swirling hot spherical object suspended in power-law fluids within laminar regime. Governing equations are solved computationally under the following criteria: Grashof number <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="23" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="123" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left(10\le Gr\le {10}^{3}\right)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mn>10</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </msup> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, Prandtl number <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="125" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left(0.72\le Pr\le 50\right)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mn>0.72</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>50</mn> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, power-law index <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="111" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left(0.2\le n\le 1.8\right)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mn>0.2</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>1.8</mn> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and dimensionless swirling speed <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="87" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left(0\le S\le 4\right)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Firstly, a thorough dynamic behaviour of the temperature and flow fields is illustrated in terms of thermal plumes. The plume experiences a perfectly vertically upward movement closer to the hot wall when the sphere is stationary <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="55" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left(S=0\right)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Concomitantly, the heated plume is thrown radially due to the presence of swirling motion <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="55" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left(S\ne 0\right)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>S</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. A large, thick plume is observed as the working fluid traverses from shear-thinning <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="55" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((n&lt;1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to shear-thickening <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="55" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((n&gt;1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> fluids. We have also reported the typical behaviour of local Nusselt number <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="45" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left({Nu}_{\theta }\right)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <msub> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Nu</mi> </mrow> <mi>θ</mi> </msub> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on sphere for different combinations of <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Gr\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Gr</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Pr\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Pr</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We have predicted the typical pattern of <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="34" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({Nu}_{\theta }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Nu</mi> </mrow> <mi>θ</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> from front <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left(\theta =0^\circ \right)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>0</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to rear <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="74" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left(\theta =180^\circ \right)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>180</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> stagnation point of the stationary/revolving sphere. The average Nusselt number <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="39" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((Nu)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> rising gradient is comparatively larger at greater <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>S</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> than lower <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>S</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for a constant <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Pr\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Pr</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq19.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>n</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq20"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq20.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({D}^{*}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> <mrow /> <mrow> <mrow /> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Additionally, it is crucial to note herein that a decreasing average Nusselt number trend is anticipated at a greater value of diameter ratio. Lastly, <InlineEquation ID="IEq21"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12046_2025_2896_Article_IEq21.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="28" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Nu\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Nu</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is suitably correlated as a function of the abovementioned pertinent parameters using computed data points. The proposed correlation works satisfactorily within ±6% of considered data points.</p>

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Role of power-law fluids on mixed convection flows around revolving sphere

  • Dhruv Kumar Sharma,
  • Basanta Kumar Rana

摘要

Simulations are carried out to elucidate the mixed convection analysis from a swirling hot spherical object suspended in power-law fluids within laminar regime. Governing equations are solved computationally under the following criteria: Grashof number \(\left(10\le Gr\le {10}^{3}\right)\) 10 G r 10 3 , Prandtl number \(\left(0.72\le Pr\le 50\right)\) 0.72 P r 50 , power-law index \(\left(0.2\le n\le 1.8\right)\) 0.2 n 1.8 and dimensionless swirling speed \(\left(0\le S\le 4\right)\) 0 S 4 . Firstly, a thorough dynamic behaviour of the temperature and flow fields is illustrated in terms of thermal plumes. The plume experiences a perfectly vertically upward movement closer to the hot wall when the sphere is stationary \(\left(S=0\right)\) S = 0 . Concomitantly, the heated plume is thrown radially due to the presence of swirling motion \(\left(S\ne 0\right)\) S 0 . A large, thick plume is observed as the working fluid traverses from shear-thinning \((n<1)\) ( n < 1 ) to shear-thickening \((n>1)\) ( n > 1 ) fluids. We have also reported the typical behaviour of local Nusselt number \(\left({Nu}_{\theta }\right)\) Nu θ on sphere for different combinations of \(Gr\) Gr and \(Pr\) Pr . We have predicted the typical pattern of \({Nu}_{\theta }\) Nu θ from front \(\left(\theta =0^\circ \right)\) θ = 0 to rear \(\left(\theta =180^\circ \right)\) θ = 180 stagnation point of the stationary/revolving sphere. The average Nusselt number \((Nu)\) ( N u ) rising gradient is comparatively larger at greater \(S\) S than lower \(S\) S for a constant \(Pr\) Pr , \(n\) n and \({D}^{*}\) D . Additionally, it is crucial to note herein that a decreasing average Nusselt number trend is anticipated at a greater value of diameter ratio. Lastly, \(Nu\) Nu is suitably correlated as a function of the abovementioned pertinent parameters using computed data points. The proposed correlation works satisfactorily within ±6% of considered data points.