<p>The nanofluids of the ternary hybrid provide one special benefit that reduces usage of energy, enhances machine production and increases cooling. In this study, the cooling structure of the cylindrical battery packs are explained and their flow models are set up. For this purpose, this article describes a laminar hybrid convectional inactive ternary hybrid’s point flow nanofluid in the presence of thermal emission. Used bvp4c method is used to solve transformed resulting partial differential equation (PDEs). Three types of nanofluids, <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\hbox {Fe}_{3}\hbox {O}_{4}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mtext>Fe</mtext> <mn>3</mn> </msub> <msub> <mtext>O</mtext> <mn>4</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>–<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\hbox {H}_{2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mtext>H</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>O, Zn–<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\hbox {H}_{2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mtext>H</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>O and <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\hbox {TiO}_{2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mtext>TiO</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>–<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\hbox {H}_{2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mtext>H</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>O, that have heat transfer properties, are analysed in depth. We identified that for the cylindrical battery pack, <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\hbox {Fe}_{3}\hbox {O}_{4}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mtext>Fe</mtext> <mn>3</mn> </msub> <msub> <mtext>O</mtext> <mn>4</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>–<InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\hbox {H}_{2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mtext>H</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>O nanofluid is one of the excellent coolants. Further, there is a 73.2652% increase in rate of heat transfer in <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\hbox {Fe}_{3}\hbox {O}_{4}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mtext>Fe</mtext> <mn>3</mn> </msub> <msub> <mtext>O</mtext> <mn>4</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>–<InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\hbox {H}_{2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mtext>H</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>O NFs, 68.441% increase in <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\hbox {Fe}_{3}\hbox {O}_{4}+\hbox {Zn}\!\!-\!\!\hbox {H}_{2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mtext>Fe</mtext> <mn>3</mn> </msub> <msub> <mtext>O</mtext> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>Zn</mtext> <mspace width="-0.166667em" /> <mspace width="-0.166667em" /> <mo>-</mo> <mspace width="-0.166667em" /> <mspace width="-0.166667em" /> <msub> <mtext>H</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>O hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) and 64.9944% increase in <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\hbox {Fe}_{3}\hbox {O}_{4}+\hbox {Zn}+\hbox {TiO}_{2}\!\!-\!\!\hbox {H}_{2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mtext>Fe</mtext> <mn>3</mn> </msub> <msub> <mtext>O</mtext> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>Zn</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mtext>TiO</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mspace width="-0.166667em" /> <mspace width="-0.166667em" /> <mo>-</mo> <mspace width="-0.166667em" /> <mspace width="-0.166667em" /> <msub> <mtext>H</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>O ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNFs).</p>

Shape factor for the cooling of cylindrical battery packs using THNFs through a stagnation point flow

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年12月9日

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Sidhadapu Sireesha,
Kotha Gangadhar,
K Dasaradha Ramaiah,
Saeed Dinarvand

摘要

The nanofluids of the ternary hybrid provide one special benefit that reduces usage of energy, enhances machine production and increases cooling. In this study, the cooling structure of the cylindrical battery packs are explained and their flow models are set up. For this purpose, this article describes a laminar hybrid convectional inactive ternary hybrid’s point flow nanofluid in the presence of thermal emission. Used bvp4c method is used to solve transformed resulting partial differential equation (PDEs). Three types of nanofluids, $\hbox {Fe}_{3}\hbox {O}_{4}$ ${Fe}_{3} O_{4}$ – $\hbox {H}_{2}$ $H_{2}$ O, Zn– $\hbox {H}_{2}$ $H_{2}$ O and $\hbox {TiO}_{2}$ ${TiO}_{2}$ – $\hbox {H}_{2}$ $H_{2}$ O, that have heat transfer properties, are analysed in depth. We identified that for the cylindrical battery pack, $\hbox {Fe}_{3}\hbox {O}_{4}$ ${Fe}_{3} O_{4}$ – $\hbox {H}_{2}$ $H_{2}$ O nanofluid is one of the excellent coolants. Further, there is a 73.2652% increase in rate of heat transfer in $\hbox {Fe}_{3}\hbox {O}_{4}$ ${Fe}_{3} O_{4}$ – $\hbox {H}_{2}$ $H_{2}$ O NFs, 68.441% increase in $\hbox {Fe}_{3}\hbox {O}_{4}+\hbox {Zn}\!\!-\!\!\hbox {H}_{2}$ ${Fe}_{3} O_{4} + Zn - H_{2}$ O hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) and 64.9944% increase in $\hbox {Fe}_{3}\hbox {O}_{4}+\hbox {Zn}+\hbox {TiO}_{2}\!\!-\!\!\hbox {H}_{2}$ ${Fe}_{3} O_{4} + Zn + {TiO}_{2} - H_{2}$ O ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNFs).