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<p>Mangosteen is valued for its health-promoting properties, primarily due to its rind, which is rich in phenolic compounds such as xanthones and anthocyanins. These compounds exhibit notable pharmaceutical activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. Their concentrations peak during fruit ripening, a process in which R2R3-MYB transcription factors are known to play key regulatory roles, particularly in anthocyanin biosynthesis. To date, only one MYB gene, <i>Gm</i>MYB10, has been experimentally validated as a regulator of anthocyanin production in mangosteen, while the regulatory mechanism underlying xanthone biosynthesis remains unresolved. Given that fruit ripening is a complex molecular process involving the coordinated expression of numerous genes and transcription factors, identifying additional MYB regulators is essential for enhancing phenolic compound production through biotechnological approaches. The availability of a reference transcriptome and prior gene expression datasets has enabled the application of weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to explore these regulatory networks. This study represents the first WGCNA performed on mangosteen, aiming to identify MYB transcription factors associated with phenolic compound biosynthesis during fruit ripening. From 46,681 genes analyzed, 50 co-expression modules were generated. Among these, three modules—plum2, darkturquoise, and pink—were significantly associated with fruit ripening stages 2 and 6. All three modules were enriched with genes related to xanthone biosynthesis, while the darkturquoise module also showed enrichment for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. A total of 91 R2R3-MYB genes were identified, with seven localized within the darkturquoise and pink modules. Notably, DN34818, a hub gene co-expressed with <i>Gm</i>MYB10 and other phenolic biosynthesis-related genes, is predicted to function as an anthocyanin repressor. Conversely, DN13742, a hub gene in the pink module, is putatively involved as an activator of primary phenylpropanoid metabolism. These findings provide new insights into the regulatory networks controlling bioactive metabolite production in a tropical fruit and lay the foundation for functional validation and molecular breeding efforts aimed at improving the pharmaceutical value of mangosteen.</p>

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In Silico Identification of MYB Transcription Factors Involved in Mangosteen Anthocyanin and Xanthone Production

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月20日

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  • Ching-Ching Wee,
  • Masanori Arita,
  • Intan Azlinda Ramlee,
  • Nor Azlan Nor Muhammad,
  • Vijay Kumar Subbiah,
  • Hoe-Han Goh

摘要

Mangosteen is valued for its health-promoting properties, primarily due to its rind, which is rich in phenolic compounds such as xanthones and anthocyanins. These compounds exhibit notable pharmaceutical activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. Their concentrations peak during fruit ripening, a process in which R2R3-MYB transcription factors are known to play key regulatory roles, particularly in anthocyanin biosynthesis. To date, only one MYB gene, GmMYB10, has been experimentally validated as a regulator of anthocyanin production in mangosteen, while the regulatory mechanism underlying xanthone biosynthesis remains unresolved. Given that fruit ripening is a complex molecular process involving the coordinated expression of numerous genes and transcription factors, identifying additional MYB regulators is essential for enhancing phenolic compound production through biotechnological approaches. The availability of a reference transcriptome and prior gene expression datasets has enabled the application of weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to explore these regulatory networks. This study represents the first WGCNA performed on mangosteen, aiming to identify MYB transcription factors associated with phenolic compound biosynthesis during fruit ripening. From 46,681 genes analyzed, 50 co-expression modules were generated. Among these, three modules—plum2, darkturquoise, and pink—were significantly associated with fruit ripening stages 2 and 6. All three modules were enriched with genes related to xanthone biosynthesis, while the darkturquoise module also showed enrichment for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. A total of 91 R2R3-MYB genes were identified, with seven localized within the darkturquoise and pink modules. Notably, DN34818, a hub gene co-expressed with GmMYB10 and other phenolic biosynthesis-related genes, is predicted to function as an anthocyanin repressor. Conversely, DN13742, a hub gene in the pink module, is putatively involved as an activator of primary phenylpropanoid metabolism. These findings provide new insights into the regulatory networks controlling bioactive metabolite production in a tropical fruit and lay the foundation for functional validation and molecular breeding efforts aimed at improving the pharmaceutical value of mangosteen.