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Abstract <p>India Meteorological Department, Pune developed and applied for a patent for the novel automated rain gauge that measures cumulative rainfall and its intensity by volumetric measurement based on an acoustic principle. This article depicts its construction, calibration, and capabilities. The simulation study on the sensitivity of temperature and humidity on cumulative rainfall reports a maximum error of 2% in 10 mm, for a change of temperature from 20 to 30°C and relative humidity from 30 to 60%. This study shows that the resolution of rainfall measurement is inversely proportional to the operating frequency and maximum length of the water column in the accumulator for a given volume. Further, it reports a resolution of 0.4 mm in rainfall measurement at 40 kHz with a maximum water column height variation of 0.2 m in the accumulator. The results of calibration and performance studies in the laboratory are also discussed in this article. The experimental results show that the error in estimating cumulative rainfall and rainfall intensity at a 10-minute interval is 3.6% and 4.4%, respectively. Unique features of the rain gauge include its fully automatic, noncontact measurement method, real-time measurement of cumulative rainfall and estimation of rainfall intensity. The novel rain gauge has immense applications in disaster management and mitigation planning, agriculture, transport, energy, tourism, and water resource management.</p> Research highlights <p>India Meteorological Department (IMD), Pune developed a novel automated rain gauge that measures cumulative rainfall and its intensity by volumetric measurement based on an acoustic principle. IMD applied for a patent for the invention. Unique features of the rain gauge include its fully automatic, noncontact measurement method, real-time measurement of cumulative rainfall and estimation of rainfall intensity. The experimental results show that the error in estimating cumulative rainfall and rainfall intensity at a 10-minute interval is 3.6% and 4.4%, respectively. The novel rain gauge has immense applications in disaster management and mitigation planning, agriculture, transport, energy, tourism, and water resource management.</p>

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Initial results of the novel acoustic-based apparatus to measure cumulative rainfall and its intensity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Shijo Zacharia,
  • K S Hosalikar,
  • Mrutyunjay Mohapatra,
  • Manish R Ranalkar,
  • Anjith Anjan,
  • U K Shende,
  • K N Mohan

摘要

Abstract

India Meteorological Department, Pune developed and applied for a patent for the novel automated rain gauge that measures cumulative rainfall and its intensity by volumetric measurement based on an acoustic principle. This article depicts its construction, calibration, and capabilities. The simulation study on the sensitivity of temperature and humidity on cumulative rainfall reports a maximum error of 2% in 10 mm, for a change of temperature from 20 to 30°C and relative humidity from 30 to 60%. This study shows that the resolution of rainfall measurement is inversely proportional to the operating frequency and maximum length of the water column in the accumulator for a given volume. Further, it reports a resolution of 0.4 mm in rainfall measurement at 40 kHz with a maximum water column height variation of 0.2 m in the accumulator. The results of calibration and performance studies in the laboratory are also discussed in this article. The experimental results show that the error in estimating cumulative rainfall and rainfall intensity at a 10-minute interval is 3.6% and 4.4%, respectively. Unique features of the rain gauge include its fully automatic, noncontact measurement method, real-time measurement of cumulative rainfall and estimation of rainfall intensity. The novel rain gauge has immense applications in disaster management and mitigation planning, agriculture, transport, energy, tourism, and water resource management.

Research highlights

India Meteorological Department (IMD), Pune developed a novel automated rain gauge that measures cumulative rainfall and its intensity by volumetric measurement based on an acoustic principle. IMD applied for a patent for the invention. Unique features of the rain gauge include its fully automatic, noncontact measurement method, real-time measurement of cumulative rainfall and estimation of rainfall intensity. The experimental results show that the error in estimating cumulative rainfall and rainfall intensity at a 10-minute interval is 3.6% and 4.4%, respectively. The novel rain gauge has immense applications in disaster management and mitigation planning, agriculture, transport, energy, tourism, and water resource management.