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Abstract <p>Dinoflagellates are highly studied groups of protists in marine ecosystems as food for metazoan grazers and as harmful algal bloom-forming species. The recent emergence of the mixoplankton paradigm sees photo-phago-osmo-mixotrophic protists recognized as important communities in marine ecosystems akin to phytoplankton and zooplankton. The present study aims to reappraise the functional group classification of the Arabian Sea dinoflagellates and provide a checklist specifically focussing on the mixoplankton functional type – constitutive mixoplankton (CM, inherent capability for phototrophy) and non-constitutive mixoplankton (NCM, phototrophy acquired from prey) and also their harmful algal bloom (HAB) status. We focussed on three major productive areas of the Arabian Sea: South Eastern Arabian Sea (SEAS), North Eastern Arabian Sea (NEAS), and Lakshadweep Sea (LS). Our study identified 35 dinoflagellate species, whereas 26 were HAB species. The highest number of species was observed in the family Dinophysaceae, which has eight species. Among the 35 identified mixoplanktonic dinoflagellates, the majority were CM (24 spp.). Understanding mixotrophy is important in interpreting the evidence of climatic fluctuations in marine organisms, with mixoplankton shifting towards phagotrophy. Thus, this study provides the foundation for future studies on mixoplanktonic dinoflagellates, particularly for potentially harmful species with possible repercussions to climate change.</p> Research highlights <p><UnorderedList Mark="Bullet"> <ItemContent> <p>A checklist for mixotrophic dinoflagellates along the Eastern Arabian Sea (EAS) was constructed.</p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p>Thirty-five species corresponding to 18 genera, 14 families, and 8 orders were recorded among which 26 were HAB species.</p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p>Family Dinophysaceae was the diverse one with 8 spp., followed by Ceratiaceae with 7 spp.</p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p>The checklist provides baseline information for future mixotrophic dinoflagellate studies along EAS.</p> </ItemContent> </UnorderedList></p>

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Emergence of mixoplanktonic dinoflagellates in the Eastern Arabian Sea: An annotated checklist

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月12日

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  • Renju Mohan,
  • Twinkle Sathish,
  • Aishwarya Purushothaman,
  • K H Afnitha,
  • P Ajayakumar,
  • K B Padmakumar

摘要

Abstract

Dinoflagellates are highly studied groups of protists in marine ecosystems as food for metazoan grazers and as harmful algal bloom-forming species. The recent emergence of the mixoplankton paradigm sees photo-phago-osmo-mixotrophic protists recognized as important communities in marine ecosystems akin to phytoplankton and zooplankton. The present study aims to reappraise the functional group classification of the Arabian Sea dinoflagellates and provide a checklist specifically focussing on the mixoplankton functional type – constitutive mixoplankton (CM, inherent capability for phototrophy) and non-constitutive mixoplankton (NCM, phototrophy acquired from prey) and also their harmful algal bloom (HAB) status. We focussed on three major productive areas of the Arabian Sea: South Eastern Arabian Sea (SEAS), North Eastern Arabian Sea (NEAS), and Lakshadweep Sea (LS). Our study identified 35 dinoflagellate species, whereas 26 were HAB species. The highest number of species was observed in the family Dinophysaceae, which has eight species. Among the 35 identified mixoplanktonic dinoflagellates, the majority were CM (24 spp.). Understanding mixotrophy is important in interpreting the evidence of climatic fluctuations in marine organisms, with mixoplankton shifting towards phagotrophy. Thus, this study provides the foundation for future studies on mixoplanktonic dinoflagellates, particularly for potentially harmful species with possible repercussions to climate change.

Research highlights

A checklist for mixotrophic dinoflagellates along the Eastern Arabian Sea (EAS) was constructed.

Thirty-five species corresponding to 18 genera, 14 families, and 8 orders were recorded among which 26 were HAB species.

Family Dinophysaceae was the diverse one with 8 spp., followed by Ceratiaceae with 7 spp.

The checklist provides baseline information for future mixotrophic dinoflagellate studies along EAS.