Mega-fold interference pattern in Shimoga Basin, Dharwar Craton, India: Implications on tectonic setup
摘要
The Shimoga basin comprises a deformed meta-volcano-sedimentary sequence, which preserves the geological history of the Western Dharwar Craton since Archean. Kilometer-sized fold interference pattern present near Shikaripur, Shimoga basin has been studied to elucidate the tectonic evolution of Shimoga basin. The study area exhibits three stages of deformations manifested by three generations of folds (F1, F2 and F3) and axial planar cleavage (S1, S2 and S3). Two regional scale hook folds formed in BIF and associated pyroclastic rocks have been reported in this study. The upright overturned fold of the first phase (F1) was deformed by N–S and NW–SE trending F2 fold. The refolding of F1 by F2 forms a NW–SE trending regional scale hook-shaped (Type-III) interference pattern. The F2 has a planar axial plane with a variable fold axis from horizontal to moderately steep. The noncylindrical fold axis of the F2 folds is generated by axial plane parallel N–S compression during D3 deformation, which also forms a dome basin structure or Type-I interference pattern. Based on the structural analysis, we suggest that during the convergence of WDC and EDC, NE–SW compression deformed the volcano-sedimentary sequence to form tight, overturned F1 folds and axial planar S1 schistosity. In the second stage of deformation, due to resistance to forward movement, the recumbent folds were produced in a rotation or non-coaxial deformation, which later changed to a horizontal shortening and refolded the recumbent-structure to an upright pattern and generated hook-shaped Type-III interference pattern. In the last stage, the arc parallel N–S compression folded the F2 axis and formed a Type-I interference pattern or dome-basin structure in the study area.