<p>Epoch of reionization (EoR) neutral hydrogen (H&#xa0;<span>i</span>) 21-cm signal evolves significantly along the line-of-sight (LoS) due to the light-cone (LC) effect. It is important to accurately incorporate this in simulations to correctly interpret the signal. 21-cm LC simulations are typically produced by stitching together slices from a finite number <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10087_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((N_{\textrm{RS}})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mtext>RS</mtext> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of ‘reionization snapshot’, each corresponding to a different stage of reionization. In this paper, we have quantified the errors in 21-cm LC simulation due to the finite value of <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10087_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="30" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N_{\textrm{RS}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mtext>RS</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We show that this can introduce large discontinuities (&gt;200%) at the stitching boundaries when <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10087_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="30" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N_{\textrm{RS}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mtext>RS</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is small <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10087_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="54" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((=2,4)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and the mean neutral fraction jumps by <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10087_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="105" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\delta \bar{x}_{\textrm{H}\,\textsc {i}} =0.2,0.1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mrow> </mover> <mrow> <mtext>H</mtext> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mstyle mathsize="0.6em"> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0.1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, respectively, at the stitching boundaries. This drops to 17% for <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10087_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="69" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N_{\textrm{RS}}=13\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mtext>RS</mtext> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>13</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10087_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="85" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\delta \bar{x}_{\textrm{H}\,\textsc {i}}=0.02\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mrow> </mover> <mrow> <mtext>H</mtext> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mstyle mathsize="0.6em"> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.02</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We found that we can achieve <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10087_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="86" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\delta \bar{x}_{\textrm{H}\,\textsc {i}} \le 0.01\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mrow> </mover> <mrow> <mtext>H</mtext> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mstyle mathsize="0.6em"> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>0.01</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10087_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="69" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N_{\textrm{RS}}=26\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mtext>RS</mtext> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>26</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and we use this as reference for comparing the other simulations. We presented and also validated a method for mitigating this error by increasing <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10087_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="30" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N_{\textrm{RS}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mtext>RS</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> without a proportional increase in the computational costs, which are mainly incurred in generating the dark matter and halo density fields. Our method generates these fields, only at a few redshifts, and interpolates them to generate reionization snapshots at closely spaced redshifts. We used this to generate 21-cm LC simulations with <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10087_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="69" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N_{\textrm{RS}}=51\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mtext>RS</mtext> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>51</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, 101, 201, and showed that the errors reduce as <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10087_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="22" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="32" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N_{\textrm{RS}}^{-1}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi>N</mi> <mrow> <mtext>RS</mtext> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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Quantifying and mitigating the effect of snapshot interval in light-cone epoch of reionization 21-cm simulations

  • Suman Pramanick,
  • Rajesh Mondal,
  • Somnath Bharadwaj

摘要

Epoch of reionization (EoR) neutral hydrogen (H i) 21-cm signal evolves significantly along the line-of-sight (LoS) due to the light-cone (LC) effect. It is important to accurately incorporate this in simulations to correctly interpret the signal. 21-cm LC simulations are typically produced by stitching together slices from a finite number \((N_{\textrm{RS}})\) ( N RS ) of ‘reionization snapshot’, each corresponding to a different stage of reionization. In this paper, we have quantified the errors in 21-cm LC simulation due to the finite value of \(N_{\textrm{RS}}\) N RS . We show that this can introduce large discontinuities (>200%) at the stitching boundaries when \(N_{\textrm{RS}}\) N RS is small \((=2,4)\) ( = 2 , 4 ) and the mean neutral fraction jumps by \(\delta \bar{x}_{\textrm{H}\,\textsc {i}} =0.2,0.1\) δ x ¯ H I = 0.2 , 0.1 , respectively, at the stitching boundaries. This drops to 17% for \(N_{\textrm{RS}}=13\) N RS = 13 , where \(\delta \bar{x}_{\textrm{H}\,\textsc {i}}=0.02\) δ x ¯ H I = 0.02 . We found that we can achieve \(\delta \bar{x}_{\textrm{H}\,\textsc {i}} \le 0.01\) δ x ¯ H I 0.01 with \(N_{\textrm{RS}}=26\) N RS = 26 , and we use this as reference for comparing the other simulations. We presented and also validated a method for mitigating this error by increasing \(N_{\textrm{RS}}\) N RS without a proportional increase in the computational costs, which are mainly incurred in generating the dark matter and halo density fields. Our method generates these fields, only at a few redshifts, and interpolates them to generate reionization snapshots at closely spaced redshifts. We used this to generate 21-cm LC simulations with \(N_{\textrm{RS}}=51\) N RS = 51 , 101, 201, and showed that the errors reduce as \(N_{\textrm{RS}}^{-1}\) N RS - 1 .