Plastic Events of the Vestibular Nucleus: the Initiation of Central Vestibular Compensation

Vestibular compensation is a physiological response of the vestibular organs within the inner ear. This adaptation manifests during consistent exposure to acceleration or deceleration, with the vestibular organs incrementally adjusting to such changes. The molecular underpinnings of vestibular compensation remain to be fully elucidated, yet emerging studies implicate associations with neuroplasticity and signal transduction pathways. Throughout the compensation process, the vestibular sensory neurons maintain signal transmission to the central equilibrium system, facilitating adaptability through alterations in synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability. Notable molecular candidates implicated in this process include variations in ion channels and neurotransmitter profiles, as well as neuronal and synaptic plasticity, metabolic processes, and electrophysiological modifications. This study consolidates the current understanding of the molecular events in vestibular compensation, augments the existing research landscape, and evaluates contemporary therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, this review posits potential avenues for future research that could enhance our comprehension of vestibular compensation mechanisms.