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<p>This study investigated the biocompatibility, osteoblastic response, and <i>in vitro</i> degradation of silicon nitride bioceramics produced by pressureless sintering using a novel therapeutic-ion-containing additive system (SiO<sub>2</sub>, CaO, and SrO). The results demonstrated that all compositions exhibited elongated β-Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> grains dispersed within an intergranular phase. Mesenchymal stem cells adhered and spread well on all surfaces, confirming good biocompatibility. Osteoblast differentiation was further supported by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, upregulation of osteoblast-related markers, and the formation of an extracellular mineralized matrix. ALP activity increased over time in all groups (<i>p</i> = 0.027), with no significant differences among the compositions. After 7 days, ceramics containing SiO<sub>2</sub> and SrO significantly upregulated the bone markers <i>Runx2</i> and <i>Opn</i>, whereas <i>Alp</i> and <i>Sp7</i> expression remained comparable among the groups. Mineralized matrix formation was similar for all compositions. Following immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF), all ceramics retained compressive strengths above 2000 MPa. Notably, samples containing combined additions of SiO<sub>2</sub> and CaO were identified as the most promising composition because of their ability to form an apatite layer on the surface after SBF immersion. These findings indicate that the strategic selection of therapeutic-ion-containing sintering aids not only facilitates densification but also promotes osteogenic response while maintaining mechanical integrity. Consequently, these silicon nitride bioceramics represent promising candidates for joint replacement components and spinal implants with enhanced osseointegration.</p>

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Silicon nitride bioceramics: Mesenchymal stem cell responses and in vitro degradation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月11日

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  • Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva,
  • Flávio Machado de Souza Carvalho,
  • Julia de Santana Rodrigues Velho,
  • Thiago dos Santos Ferreira,
  • Emanuela Prado Ferraz

摘要

This study investigated the biocompatibility, osteoblastic response, and in vitro degradation of silicon nitride bioceramics produced by pressureless sintering using a novel therapeutic-ion-containing additive system (SiO2, CaO, and SrO). The results demonstrated that all compositions exhibited elongated β-Si3N4 grains dispersed within an intergranular phase. Mesenchymal stem cells adhered and spread well on all surfaces, confirming good biocompatibility. Osteoblast differentiation was further supported by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, upregulation of osteoblast-related markers, and the formation of an extracellular mineralized matrix. ALP activity increased over time in all groups (p = 0.027), with no significant differences among the compositions. After 7 days, ceramics containing SiO2 and SrO significantly upregulated the bone markers Runx2 and Opn, whereas Alp and Sp7 expression remained comparable among the groups. Mineralized matrix formation was similar for all compositions. Following immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF), all ceramics retained compressive strengths above 2000 MPa. Notably, samples containing combined additions of SiO2 and CaO were identified as the most promising composition because of their ability to form an apatite layer on the surface after SBF immersion. These findings indicate that the strategic selection of therapeutic-ion-containing sintering aids not only facilitates densification but also promotes osteogenic response while maintaining mechanical integrity. Consequently, these silicon nitride bioceramics represent promising candidates for joint replacement components and spinal implants with enhanced osseointegration.