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<p>This study investigates the influence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and surface-functionalized CNTs on the properties of natural rubber/ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (NR/EPDM) composites. The functionalized CNTs included 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-modified CNTs (aCNTs) and bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide (TESPT)-modified CNTs (bCNTs), which were evaluated for their effects on the rheological, mechanical, morphological, and swelling behavior of the composites. The composites were prepared with filler loadings ranging from 0 to 8 parts per hundred rubber (phr). Rheometric analysis revealed that both pristine and functionalized CNTs increased the minimum torque, maximum torque, torque difference (ΔT), and cure-rate index while reducing scorch time and optimum cure time, indicating accelerated vulcanization behavior. All CNT variants increased compound viscosity, crosslink density, hardness, and abrasion resistance. Mechanical testing demonstrated that unmodified CNTs improved tensile strength (25%), modulus at 100% strain (26%), and tear strength (22%), although reductions in elongation at break (14%) and rebound resilience (35%) were observed. Functionalized CNTs exhibited superior reinforcement effects. The aCNT-filled composites showed increases of 44% in tensile strength, 48% in modulus, and 32% in tear strength, whereas bCNT-filled composites exhibited even greater improvements of 52%, 56%, and 37%, respectively. Both functionalized CNT systems also significantly reduced compression set and enhanced swelling resistance. These improvements are attributed to enhanced filler dispersion and stronger interfacial interactions between the CNTs and rubber matrix, facilitated by silane functionalization. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of surface-modified CNTs in optimizing the overall performance of NR/EPDM composites.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Comparative study on the effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and functionalized CNTs on the mechanical properties and swelling resistance of NR/EPDM composites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • S Vishvanathperumal,
  • K Sakthivel,
  • A Arunkumar,
  • K Suresh

摘要

This study investigates the influence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and surface-functionalized CNTs on the properties of natural rubber/ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (NR/EPDM) composites. The functionalized CNTs included 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-modified CNTs (aCNTs) and bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide (TESPT)-modified CNTs (bCNTs), which were evaluated for their effects on the rheological, mechanical, morphological, and swelling behavior of the composites. The composites were prepared with filler loadings ranging from 0 to 8 parts per hundred rubber (phr). Rheometric analysis revealed that both pristine and functionalized CNTs increased the minimum torque, maximum torque, torque difference (ΔT), and cure-rate index while reducing scorch time and optimum cure time, indicating accelerated vulcanization behavior. All CNT variants increased compound viscosity, crosslink density, hardness, and abrasion resistance. Mechanical testing demonstrated that unmodified CNTs improved tensile strength (25%), modulus at 100% strain (26%), and tear strength (22%), although reductions in elongation at break (14%) and rebound resilience (35%) were observed. Functionalized CNTs exhibited superior reinforcement effects. The aCNT-filled composites showed increases of 44% in tensile strength, 48% in modulus, and 32% in tear strength, whereas bCNT-filled composites exhibited even greater improvements of 52%, 56%, and 37%, respectively. Both functionalized CNT systems also significantly reduced compression set and enhanced swelling resistance. These improvements are attributed to enhanced filler dispersion and stronger interfacial interactions between the CNTs and rubber matrix, facilitated by silane functionalization. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of surface-modified CNTs in optimizing the overall performance of NR/EPDM composites.

Graphical abstract