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<p>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer lacking estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors, making it unresponsive to targeted hormonal or HER2-based therapies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising approach capable of inducing localized cytotoxicity, disrupting tumor vasculature, and stimulating anti-tumor immunity through the generation of reactive oxygen species. This review explores the diverse therapeutic applications of PDT in TNBC models. We categorize and summarize primary studies by photosensitizer class—porphyrins, chlorins, phthalocyanines, and novel nanotechnology-formulated agents—discussing delivery strategies, combination regimens, and mechanisms of cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis. Furthermore, we examine innovative approaches such as photoimmunotherapy, metabolic co-targeting, and self-activating systems. PDT’s ability to employ multiple tumor vulnerabilities offers a unique therapeutic opportunity in TNBC. Continued translational research and optimization of delivery platforms may accelerate the integration of this approach into clinical practice.</p>

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Beyond chemotherapy: the evolving role of photodynamic therapy in triple-negative breast cancer

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Hannah H. Rashwan,
  • Hassan M. E. Azzazy

摘要

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer lacking estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors, making it unresponsive to targeted hormonal or HER2-based therapies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising approach capable of inducing localized cytotoxicity, disrupting tumor vasculature, and stimulating anti-tumor immunity through the generation of reactive oxygen species. This review explores the diverse therapeutic applications of PDT in TNBC models. We categorize and summarize primary studies by photosensitizer class—porphyrins, chlorins, phthalocyanines, and novel nanotechnology-formulated agents—discussing delivery strategies, combination regimens, and mechanisms of cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis. Furthermore, we examine innovative approaches such as photoimmunotherapy, metabolic co-targeting, and self-activating systems. PDT’s ability to employ multiple tumor vulnerabilities offers a unique therapeutic opportunity in TNBC. Continued translational research and optimization of delivery platforms may accelerate the integration of this approach into clinical practice.