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<p>Oral cancer, a prevalent form of head and neck malignancy, accounts for 4% of global cancer cases. The most common type, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), has a survival rate of about 50%. Even though emerging molecular therapies show promise for managing oral cancer, current treatments like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have significant side effects. In addition, the complex tumor microenvironment (TME), involving the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cells like fibroblasts and stromal cells like immune cells, promotes tumor growth and inhibits immune responses, complicating treatment. Nonetheless, immunotherapy is crucial in cancer treatment, especially in oral cancers. Indeed, its effectiveness lies in targeting immune checkpoints such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors, as well as monoclonal antibodies like pembrolizumab and cetuximab, adoptive cell transfer methods (including CAR-T cell therapy), cytokine therapy such as IL-2, and tumor vaccines. Thus, these interventions collectively regulate tumor proliferation and metastasis by targeting the TME through autocrine-paracrine signaling pathways. Immunotherapy indeed aims to stimulate the immune system, leveraging both innate and adaptive immunity to counteract cancer cell signals and promote tumor destruction. This review will explore how the TME controls tumor proliferation and metastasis via autocrine-paracrine signaling pathways. It will then detail the effectiveness of immunotherapy in oral cancers, focusing on immune checkpoints, targeted monoclonal antibodies, adoptive cell transfer, cytokine therapy, and tumor vaccines.</p> Graphical abstract <p>Immunotherapy holds a critical position in cancer treatment, particularly in oral cancers. Its effectiveness revolves around immune checkpoints like PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors, targeted monoclonal antibodies such as pembrolizumab and cetuximab, adoptive cell transfer (including CAR-T cell therapy), cytokine therapy like interleukin-2, and tumor vaccines. These interventions collectively target the tumor microenvironment (TME), regulating tumor proliferation and metastasis through autocrine-paracrine signaling pathways.</p> <p></p>

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Microenvironment-based immunotherapy in oral cancer: a comprehensive review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月28日

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  • Hassan Mivehchi,
  • Aisan Eskandari-Yaghbastlo,
  • Mohammaderfan Ghazanfarpour,
  • SeyedMehdi Ziaei,
  • Hassan Mesgari,
  • Farbod Faghihinia,
  • Negin Zokaei Ashtiani,
  • Mohsen Nabi Afjadi

摘要

Oral cancer, a prevalent form of head and neck malignancy, accounts for 4% of global cancer cases. The most common type, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), has a survival rate of about 50%. Even though emerging molecular therapies show promise for managing oral cancer, current treatments like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have significant side effects. In addition, the complex tumor microenvironment (TME), involving the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cells like fibroblasts and stromal cells like immune cells, promotes tumor growth and inhibits immune responses, complicating treatment. Nonetheless, immunotherapy is crucial in cancer treatment, especially in oral cancers. Indeed, its effectiveness lies in targeting immune checkpoints such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors, as well as monoclonal antibodies like pembrolizumab and cetuximab, adoptive cell transfer methods (including CAR-T cell therapy), cytokine therapy such as IL-2, and tumor vaccines. Thus, these interventions collectively regulate tumor proliferation and metastasis by targeting the TME through autocrine-paracrine signaling pathways. Immunotherapy indeed aims to stimulate the immune system, leveraging both innate and adaptive immunity to counteract cancer cell signals and promote tumor destruction. This review will explore how the TME controls tumor proliferation and metastasis via autocrine-paracrine signaling pathways. It will then detail the effectiveness of immunotherapy in oral cancers, focusing on immune checkpoints, targeted monoclonal antibodies, adoptive cell transfer, cytokine therapy, and tumor vaccines.

Graphical abstract

Immunotherapy holds a critical position in cancer treatment, particularly in oral cancers. Its effectiveness revolves around immune checkpoints like PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors, targeted monoclonal antibodies such as pembrolizumab and cetuximab, adoptive cell transfer (including CAR-T cell therapy), cytokine therapy like interleukin-2, and tumor vaccines. These interventions collectively target the tumor microenvironment (TME), regulating tumor proliferation and metastasis through autocrine-paracrine signaling pathways.