Factors associated with Glycemia Risk Index in a cohort of patients with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Latent Autoimmune Diabetes In Adults (LADA)

To analyze the degree of control based on classical glucometric parameters and Glycemia Risk Index (GRI) in real-life conditions in a cohort of patients with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) and to assess the factors that are associated with GRI.

Cross-sectional study. 447 adult patients with type 1 DM and LADA users of Intermittent Continuous Glucose Monitoring (iCGM) with an adherence ≥ 70% were included. GRI was calculated with its Hypoglycemia (CHypo) and Hyperglycemia (CHyper) Components. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors associated with GRI.

Mean age 44.6 years (SD 13.7); 57.7% men; 83.9% type 1 DM; 16.1% LADA; time of evolution 20.6 years (SD 12.3). In patients with type 1 DM vs. LADA, differences were observed in relation to age [−11.1 years (SD 1.7)], age of onset [−21.9 years (DE 1.5)], time of evolution [11.7 years (DE 1.5)], treatment modality (p < 0.001), Time in Range (TIR) [−6.3% (SD 2.2)], Time Below Range (TBR) [1.9% (SD 0.6)], TBR level 1 (TBR1) [1.4% (SD 0.5)], Time Above Range (TAR) level 2 (TAR2) [4.7% (SD 1.3)], Coefficient of Variation (CV) [4.6% (SD 0.9)], GRI [11.3% (SD 2.8)], CHypo [1.3% (SD 0.5)] and CHyper [4.8% (SD 1.7)]. The variables that were independently associated with GRI were TIR (β = −1.34; CI 95% −1.43 to −1.25; p < 0.001), Glucose Management Indicator (GMI) (β = −5.82; CI 95% −7.59 to −4.05; p < 0.001), CV (β = 0.67; CI 95% 0.57 to 0.77; p < 0.001) and adherence to sensor usage (β = −0.16; CI 95% −1.27 to −0.06; p < 0.002).

LADA present better control according to some glucometric parameters and a low GRI. However, the type of DM is not a factor that is independently associated with GRI.