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<p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, systematic inflammatory dermatosis with a high prevalence worldwide, characterized by multiple heterogeneities. Recent studies have highlighted variations in the incidence and manifestation of AD among different ethnic populations due to genetic and immunological differences. The severity of AD also varies by anatomical sites, influenced by factors such as regional skin microenvironment, microbiome-immune interaction, and environmental exposure. Notably, head and neck dermatitis (HND) is a refractory phenotype of AD, which responds less well to conventional and novel systemic treatment. Furthermore, distinct susceptibility factors exist across age groups, including food allergies in infants and young children, psychological stress in adults, and aging-related AD in the elderly. The heterogeneity of AD requires further exploration of the pathogenesis in different states, which also poses a significant challenge for therapy. This review synthesizes current evidence on AD heterogeneity, elucidating variations across ethnicities, anatomical sites, and age groups to guide the development of precision treatment.</p>

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Heterogeneity in Atopic Dermatitis: Ethnic, Anatomical Site, and Age-related Variations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月18日

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  • Yixuan Liu,
  • Yizhen Li,
  • Liangliang Sun,
  • Hao Wu,
  • Huibin Yin,
  • Haihong Qin,
  • Chaoying Gu,
  • Christopher Chang,
  • Wei Li

摘要

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, systematic inflammatory dermatosis with a high prevalence worldwide, characterized by multiple heterogeneities. Recent studies have highlighted variations in the incidence and manifestation of AD among different ethnic populations due to genetic and immunological differences. The severity of AD also varies by anatomical sites, influenced by factors such as regional skin microenvironment, microbiome-immune interaction, and environmental exposure. Notably, head and neck dermatitis (HND) is a refractory phenotype of AD, which responds less well to conventional and novel systemic treatment. Furthermore, distinct susceptibility factors exist across age groups, including food allergies in infants and young children, psychological stress in adults, and aging-related AD in the elderly. The heterogeneity of AD requires further exploration of the pathogenesis in different states, which also poses a significant challenge for therapy. This review synthesizes current evidence on AD heterogeneity, elucidating variations across ethnicities, anatomical sites, and age groups to guide the development of precision treatment.