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<p>Acellular scaffold revascularization is the most significant challenge in tissue and organ engineering. To achieve successful and durable cell growth within complex three-dimensional scaffolds, a functional vascular network must ensure the supply of oxygen and nutrients within the matrix structure. Several teams have studied in vitro and ex vivo re-endothelialization using dynamic cell seeding and bioreactors, among other techniques. Still, to date, no approach has demonstrated long-term successful and functional vascular tree growth within 3D scaffolds. Herein, we propose a promising alternative using the in vivo implantation of decellularized nipple-areolar complex (NAC) scaffolds on a prepared vascular pedicle, thereby achieving engineered flap creation. We compared two implanted groups, one with and one without vascular micropunctures. After 3 weeks, explanted scaffolds demonstrated successful in-depth capillary growth, supported by contrast angiography, histology (including CD31 staining), and macroscopic bleeding. Flow cytometry assays identified different cell contingents, including CD45 and CD31-positive. No significant difference was found between the two implanted groups. This proof-of-concept study offers valuable insights into the successful engineering of composite tissues and organs. </p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Creating Engineered NAC Flaps Using in Vivo Revascularization: A Proof-Of-Concept Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月19日

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  • Yanis Berkane,
  • Alperen Abaci,
  • Bradley W. Ellis,
  • Loïc van Dieren,
  • Edvin Hendi,
  • Haizam Oubari,
  • Nicolas Bertheuil,
  • Ruben Oganesyan,
  • Curtis L. Cetrulo Jr.,
  • Michelle E. McCarthy,
  • Mark A. Randolph,
  • Alexandre G. Lellouch,
  • Basak E. Uygun

摘要

Acellular scaffold revascularization is the most significant challenge in tissue and organ engineering. To achieve successful and durable cell growth within complex three-dimensional scaffolds, a functional vascular network must ensure the supply of oxygen and nutrients within the matrix structure. Several teams have studied in vitro and ex vivo re-endothelialization using dynamic cell seeding and bioreactors, among other techniques. Still, to date, no approach has demonstrated long-term successful and functional vascular tree growth within 3D scaffolds. Herein, we propose a promising alternative using the in vivo implantation of decellularized nipple-areolar complex (NAC) scaffolds on a prepared vascular pedicle, thereby achieving engineered flap creation. We compared two implanted groups, one with and one without vascular micropunctures. After 3 weeks, explanted scaffolds demonstrated successful in-depth capillary growth, supported by contrast angiography, histology (including CD31 staining), and macroscopic bleeding. Flow cytometry assays identified different cell contingents, including CD45 and CD31-positive. No significant difference was found between the two implanted groups. This proof-of-concept study offers valuable insights into the successful engineering of composite tissues and organs.

Graphical Abstract