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<p>This work presents a comprehensive theoretical investigation of a five-layer Kretschmann-configuration surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for the ultrasensitive detection of the endocrine disruptor Nonylphenol. The optimized stack comprises an SF10 prism, a nanoscale TiW adhesion layer (0.2&#xa0;nm), a gold film (46&#xa0;nm), and a graphene oxide (GO) biorecognition layer (0.5&#xa0;nm). The optical response was rigorously modelled using the transfer matrix method, while analyte capture on the GO surface has described by a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The design achieves a deep resonance (minimum reflectance (R<sub>min</sub>): 0.000745) and exhibits a high angular sensitivity (S) of 95.8&#xa0;deg RIU<sup>–1</sup>. Theoretical analysis predicts an exceptional Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.054 ppb, attributable to the field-enhancing properties of GO and its high affinity for Nonylphenol via π-π stacking. This sensor performance is analyzed at low (20%) and high (50%) concentration of Nonylphenol. This sensor demonstrated excellent minimum reflectance of 0.000202 and 0.000745 respectively showing excellent detection. The Quality Factor obtained at 50% concentration of NP is 11.1 RIU<sup>–1</sup> along with detection accuracy (DA) Figure of Merit (FOM) of ~ 6.67. The penetration depth achieved at low and high NP concentration are 182.4 and 81.6&#xa0;nm respectively. This study provides a foundational model and performance benchmark for designing highly specific SPR sensors that leverage two-dimensional materials for environmental pollutant detection, establishing a clear pathway for experimental realization.</p>

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A Graphene Oxide-Enhanced Five-Layer Plasmonic Biosensor: Design and Theoretical Analysis for Ultrasensitive Molecular Detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月27日

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  • Deepak Sahu,
  • Chakresh Kumar,
  • Ghanendra Kumar

摘要

This work presents a comprehensive theoretical investigation of a five-layer Kretschmann-configuration surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for the ultrasensitive detection of the endocrine disruptor Nonylphenol. The optimized stack comprises an SF10 prism, a nanoscale TiW adhesion layer (0.2 nm), a gold film (46 nm), and a graphene oxide (GO) biorecognition layer (0.5 nm). The optical response was rigorously modelled using the transfer matrix method, while analyte capture on the GO surface has described by a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The design achieves a deep resonance (minimum reflectance (Rmin): 0.000745) and exhibits a high angular sensitivity (S) of 95.8 deg RIU–1. Theoretical analysis predicts an exceptional Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.054 ppb, attributable to the field-enhancing properties of GO and its high affinity for Nonylphenol via π-π stacking. This sensor performance is analyzed at low (20%) and high (50%) concentration of Nonylphenol. This sensor demonstrated excellent minimum reflectance of 0.000202 and 0.000745 respectively showing excellent detection. The Quality Factor obtained at 50% concentration of NP is 11.1 RIU–1 along with detection accuracy (DA) Figure of Merit (FOM) of ~ 6.67. The penetration depth achieved at low and high NP concentration are 182.4 and 81.6 nm respectively. This study provides a foundational model and performance benchmark for designing highly specific SPR sensors that leverage two-dimensional materials for environmental pollutant detection, establishing a clear pathway for experimental realization.