<p>This study investigated sachet hair dyes in black and dark shades, widely used by consumers. Contamination levels of metal(loid)s, including arsenic, chromium, cadmium, copper, nickel, iron, lead, and zinc, were analyzed in products purchased from online platforms, and the associated health risks were evaluated through dermal exposure. Hair dye samples were digested using a mixture of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, and hydrogen peroxide through microwave-assisted acid digestion. Metal(loid) concentrations were quantified using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry in accordance with United States Environmental Protection Agency Method 6010D. Health risk assessment was conducted based on the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety and United States Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. The results indicated that the average concentrations of all analyzed metal(loid)s were within the permissible limits established by international and national standards, except for nickel, which was detected at 64.34 mg/kg, exceeding the World Health Organization limit. The calculated Margin of Safety values for all metals exceeded 100, indicating that the products are safe for use. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were assessed using the Hazard Index and Total Lifetime Cancer Risk, respectively. The average Hazard Index was <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$7.57 \times 10^{{-2}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>7.57</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, remaining below the acceptable limit (Hazard Index <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$< 1$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo><</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), while the Total Lifetime Cancer Risk was <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$7.02 \times 10^{{-3}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>7.02</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, exceeding the acceptable limit (Total Lifetime Cancer Risk <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$> 10^{{-4}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>></mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>). These findings emphasize the necessity for stricter surveillance and revisions of regulatory standards concerning carcinogenic metal(loid)s in sachet hair dyes. Furthermore, it is recommended that the permissible limits be expanded to comprehensively cover all metal(loid)s.</p>

Health Risk Assessment of Metal(loid)s in Black and Dark-Colored Sachet Hair Dyes Purchased from Online Retail Platforms in Thailand

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年11月13日

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Nahathai Chotklang,
Pannraphat Takolpuckdee,
Siriwan Polset,
Somkid Tangkan

摘要

This study investigated sachet hair dyes in black and dark shades, widely used by consumers. Contamination levels of metal(loid)s, including arsenic, chromium, cadmium, copper, nickel, iron, lead, and zinc, were analyzed in products purchased from online platforms, and the associated health risks were evaluated through dermal exposure. Hair dye samples were digested using a mixture of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, and hydrogen peroxide through microwave-assisted acid digestion. Metal(loid) concentrations were quantified using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry in accordance with United States Environmental Protection Agency Method 6010D. Health risk assessment was conducted based on the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety and United States Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. The results indicated that the average concentrations of all analyzed metal(loid)s were within the permissible limits established by international and national standards, except for nickel, which was detected at 64.34 mg/kg, exceeding the World Health Organization limit. The calculated Margin of Safety values for all metals exceeded 100, indicating that the products are safe for use. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were assessed using the Hazard Index and Total Lifetime Cancer Risk, respectively. The average Hazard Index was $7.57 \times 10^{{-2}}$ $7.57 \times 10^{- 2}$ , remaining below the acceptable limit (Hazard Index $< 1$ $< 1$ ), while the Total Lifetime Cancer Risk was $7.02 \times 10^{{-3}}$ $7.02 \times 10^{- 3}$ , exceeding the acceptable limit (Total Lifetime Cancer Risk $> 10^{{-4}}$ $> 10^{- 4}$ ). These findings emphasize the necessity for stricter surveillance and revisions of regulatory standards concerning carcinogenic metal(loid)s in sachet hair dyes. Furthermore, it is recommended that the permissible limits be expanded to comprehensively cover all metal(loid)s.