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<p>The growing use of herbal remedies has raised concerns about toxic metal contamination. This study evaluated the levels and health risks of five metals—lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr)—in 20 commonly used medicinal herbs from four shops in Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy revealed that average concentrations of most metals exceeded international safety limits, particularly for Cr, which surpassed WHO standards in all samples. Concentrations ranged from: Pb (0.38 ± 0.01 –3.77 ± 0.11 mg/kg), Cd (BLD–0.62 ± 0.03 mg/kg), Ni (0.04 ± 0.01–10.96 ± 0.76 mg/kg), Cu (5.31 ± 0.21–23.49 ± 1.40 mg/kg), and Cr (3.39 ± 0.10–7.17 ± 0.28 mg/kg). Shop 1 contributed the highest share of contamination. Health risk was assessed using EDI, THQ, HI, CR, and TCCR, based on data from 4 vendors and 280 consumers. While most EDI, THQ, and HI values were within safe thresholds, CR values for Ni and Cr showed slight elevation, and TCCR exceeded the 1 × 10⁻<sup>4</sup> Limit in 50% of samples. Findings suggest that prolonged consumption of certain herbs may pose health risks, underscoring the importance of stricter quality control, source verification, and monitoring to ensure consumer safety.</p>

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Assessment of Toxic Metal Contamination and Consumer Safety of Medicinal Plants in Al-Diwaniyah Herbal Shops

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月3日

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  • Zainab Hadi Rajih,
  • Osamah Nawfal Oudah

摘要

The growing use of herbal remedies has raised concerns about toxic metal contamination. This study evaluated the levels and health risks of five metals—lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr)—in 20 commonly used medicinal herbs from four shops in Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy revealed that average concentrations of most metals exceeded international safety limits, particularly for Cr, which surpassed WHO standards in all samples. Concentrations ranged from: Pb (0.38 ± 0.01 –3.77 ± 0.11 mg/kg), Cd (BLD–0.62 ± 0.03 mg/kg), Ni (0.04 ± 0.01–10.96 ± 0.76 mg/kg), Cu (5.31 ± 0.21–23.49 ± 1.40 mg/kg), and Cr (3.39 ± 0.10–7.17 ± 0.28 mg/kg). Shop 1 contributed the highest share of contamination. Health risk was assessed using EDI, THQ, HI, CR, and TCCR, based on data from 4 vendors and 280 consumers. While most EDI, THQ, and HI values were within safe thresholds, CR values for Ni and Cr showed slight elevation, and TCCR exceeded the 1 × 10⁻4 Limit in 50% of samples. Findings suggest that prolonged consumption of certain herbs may pose health risks, underscoring the importance of stricter quality control, source verification, and monitoring to ensure consumer safety.